Table 2.
Baseline characteristics associated with the development of diabetes in CHARM as analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses
| Univariate logistic regression |
Multiple logistic regression* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wald χ2 | P | OR (95% CI) | Wald χ2 | P | OR (95% CI) | |
| A1C (per %) | 58.8 | <0.0001 | 2.30 (1.86–2.84) | 43.9 | <0.0001 | 2.20 (1.74–2.78) |
| BMI (per kg/m2) | 52.7 | <0.0001 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 24.7 | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) |
| Age (per year) | 19.0 | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 1.3 | 0.25 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Diuretics at baseline (yes vs. no) | 13.1 | 0.0003 | 6.39 (2.34–17.46) | 6.9 | 0.008 | 4.17 (1.44–12.05) |
| Digoxin (yes vs. no) | 8.7 | 0.003 | 1.77 (1.21–2.59) | 5.9 | 0.016 | 1.73 (1.11–2.69) |
| Creatinine (per μmol/l) | 8.5 | 0.004 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 8.6 | 0.003 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| Potassium (per mmol/l) | 8.2 | 0.004 | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) | 3.3 | 0.07 | 0.63 (0.39–1.04) |
| MCV (per fL) | 7.4 | 0.007 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.9 | 0.34 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
| Red cell count (per 1012/l) | 5.7 | 0.02 | 1.53 (1.08–2.18) | 0.0 | 0.97 | 1.01 (0.65–1.57) |
| β-Blocker (yes vs. no) | 5.1 | 0.02 | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 3.6 | 0.06 | 1.50 (0.99–2.27) |
| White cell count (per 109/l) | 5.1 | 0.02 | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.1 | 0.75 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |
| Lipid-lowering therapy (yes vs. no) | 4.6 | 0.03 | 1.49 (1.03–2.15) | 12.8 | 0.0003 | 2.12 (1.41–3.20) |
| Spironolactone (yes vs. no) | 4.5 | 0.03 | 1.62 (1.04–2.54) | 1.3 | 0.25 | 1.35 (0.81–2.23) |
| MCH (per pg) | 4.4 | 0.04 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.2 | 0.64 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) |
| ALT (per units/l) | 4.3 | 0.04 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 6.0 | 0.015 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Sodium (per mmol/l) | 3.9 | 0.048 | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.7 | 0.41 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
| Eosinophils (per %) | 3.9 | 0.049 | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 2.5 | 0.12 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) |
| Candesartan therapy (placebo vs. candesartan) | 2.5 | 0.11 | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | |||
| ACE inhibitors (yes vs. no) | 2.1 | 0.15 | 1.31 (0.91–1.88) | |||
| Bilirubin direct (per μmol/l) | 2.0 | 0.16 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | |||
| Long-acting nitrates (yes vs. no) | 1.9 | 0.17 | 0.73 (0.46–1.14) | |||
| SBP (per mmHg) | 1.9 | 0.17 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
| Medical history: hypertension (yes vs. no) | 1.9 | 0.17 | 1.31 (0.89–1.93) | |||
| Lymphocytes (per %) | 1.6 | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |||
| Ejection fraction | 1.5 | 0.22 | 0.48 (0.15–1.54) | |||
| MCHC (per mmol/l) | 1.3 | 0.25 | 1.16 (0.90–1.48) | |||
| Basophils (per %) | 1.2 | 0.27 | 1.32 (0.81–2.15) | |||
| Hemoglobin (per mmol/l) | 1.2 | 0.28 | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | |||
| NYHA (III or IV vs. I or II) | 1.0 | 0.33 | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) | |||
| Medical history: prior myocardial infarction (yes vs. no) | 0.8 | 0.36 | 0.84 (0.59–1.21) | |||
| Alkaline phosphatase (per units/l) | 0.8 | 0.38 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | |||
| Oral anticoagulant therapy (yes vs. no) | 0.8 | 0.38 | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | |||
| Hematocrit (%) | 0.7 | 0.41 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | |||
| AST (per units/l) | 0.6 | 0.44 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | |||
| Bilirubin total (per μmol/l) | 0.6 | 0.44 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | |||
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.3 | 0.58 | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | |||
| Neutrophils (per %) | 0.3 | 0.60 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | |||
| Monocytes (per %) | 0.1 | 0.73 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | |||
| Calcium channel blocker (yes vs. no) | 0.002 | 0.96 | 1.01 (0.66–1.55) | |||
| Smoking habit (current or past vs. none) | 0.000 | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | |||
*Only factors with P < 0.10 on univariate logistic regression were included in this multiple factor logistic regression. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; NYHA, New York Heart Association Classification of heart failure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.