Table 1.
Variable | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Skin color | p = 0.09* | p = 0.72* | p = 0.16* | |||
White | 3170 | 6.4 | 1653 | 5.0 | 1517 | 7.9 |
Black or Mixed | 882 | 5.7 | 469 | 4.7 | 413 | 6.8 |
Family income -1982 (MW) | p = 0.33** | p = 0.09** | p = 0.92** | |||
≤1 | 826 | 6.1 | 438 | 4.6 | 388 | 7.7 |
1.1 - 3 | 2079 | 6.6 | 1092 | 5.9 | 987 | 7.4 |
3.1 - 6 | 788 | 5.6 | 415 | 3.9 | 373 | 7.5 |
6.1 - 10 | 244 | 5.3 | 128 | 3.9 | 116 | 6.9 |
>10 | 240 | 5.0 | 123 | 1.6 | 117 | 8.5 |
Change in income (1982 → 2004-5) | p = 0.45** | p = 0.05* | p = 0.61** | |||
Always poor | 682 | 6.6 | 334 | 4.5 | 348 | 8.6 |
Non poor → poor | 697 | 7.0 | 340 | 2.8 | 357 | 7.3 |
Poor → non poor | 649 | 4.8 | 360 | 7.4 | 289 | 6.7 |
Never poor | 2170 | 6.1 | 1172 | 4.9 | 998 | 7.5 |
Birthweight (grams) | p <0.001** | p <0.001** | p <0.001** | |||
<2500 | 295 | 10.8 | 135 | 8.1 | 160 | 13.1 |
2500 - 2999 | 994 | 8.1 | 450 | 6.9 | 544 | 9.2 |
3000 - 3499 | 1588 | 6.4 | 846 | 4.8 | 742 | 8.1 |
3500 - 3999 | 1081 | 3.5 | 610 | 3.6 | 471 | 3.4 |
≥4000 | 239 | 2.1 | 165 | 1.2 | 74 | 4.1 |
Breastfeeding (months) | p = 0.04** | p = 0.42** | p = 0.03** | |||
<1.0 | 885 | 7.3 | 482 | 5.2 | 403 | 9.9 |
1.0 - 2.9 | 1049 | 5.9 | 542 | 4.6 | 507 | 7.3 |
3.0 - 5.9 | 934 | 6.5 | 484 | 5.6 | 450 | 7.6 |
6.0 - 8.9 | 380 | 6.8 | 201 | 6.0 | 179 | 7.8 |
9.0 - 11.9 | 157 | 5.1 | 83 | 2.4 | 74 | 8.1 |
≥12.0 | 661 | 4.4 | 335 | 3.9 | 326 | 4.9 |
Youth’s schooling (years) | p = 0.51** | p = 0.30** | p = 0.53** | |||
0 - 4 | 337 | 7.7 | 206 | 6.3 | 131 | 9.9 |
5 - 8 | 1172 | 6.0 | 716 | 4.7 | 456 | 7.9 |
9 - 11 | 2028 | 5.9 | 1010 | 5.0 | 1018 | 6.9 |
≥12 | 661 | 6.2 | 274 | 3.6 | 387 | 8.0 |
| ||||||
Total | 4198 | 6.0 | 2206 | 4.9 | 1992*** | 7.5 |
MW: Minimum wages
Chi-square test for heterogeneity
Chi-square test for linear trend
Excluding 90 women with 3 or more months of pregnancy