Table 3.
Variable | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Skin color | p = 0.18* | p = 0.17* | p = 0.001* | |||
White | 3170 | 7.7 | 1653 | 7.6 | 1517 | 7.8 |
Black or Mixed | 882 | 9.1 | 469 | 5.8 | 413 | 12.8 |
Family income -1982 (MW) | p = 0.19** | p = 0.03** | p = 0.001** | |||
≤1 | 826 | 7.9 | 438 | 5.9 | 388 | 10.1 |
1.1 - 3 | 2079 | 8.8 | 1092 | 7.1 | 987 | 10.7 |
3.1 - 6 | 788 | 8.4 | 415 | 9.4 | 373 | 7.2 |
6.1 - 10 | 244 | 5.3 | 128 | 7.0 | 116 | 3.4 |
>10 | 240 | 6.3 | 123 | 11.4 | 117 | 0.9 |
Change in income (1982 → 2004-5) | p = 0.04** | p = 0.02** | p <0.001** | |||
Always poor | 682 | 10.3 | 334 | 4.8 | 348 | 15.5 |
Non poor → poor | 697 | 8.6 | 340 | 7.9 | 357 | 9.2 |
Poor → non poor | 649 | 7.1 | 360 | 5.6 | 289 | 9.0 |
Never poor | 2170 | 7.7 | 1172 | 8.8 | 998 | 6.4 |
Birthweight (grams) | p = 0.006** | p = 0.002** | p = 0.31** | |||
<2500 | 295 | 3.4 | 135 | 0.7 | 160 | 5.6 |
2500 - 2999 | 994 | 8.0 | 450 | 6.4 | 544 | 9.4 |
3000 - 3499 | 1588 | 8.5 | 846 | 8.0 | 742 | 9.0 |
3500 - 3999 | 1081 | 8.2 | 610 | 8.0 | 471 | 8.5 |
≥4000 | 239 | 12.1 | 165 | 11.5 | 74 | 13.5 |
Breastfeeding (months) | p = 0.11** | p = 0.05* | p = 0.10** | |||
<1.0 | 885 | 8.4 | 482 | 8.7 | 403 | 7.9 |
1.0 - 2.9 | 1049 | 6.7 | 542 | 6.5 | 507 | 6.9 |
3.0 - 5.9 | 934 | 8.1 | 484 | 5.8 | 450 | 10.7 |
6.0 - 8.9 | 380 | 9.5 | 201 | 12.4 | 179 | 6.1 |
9.0 - 11.9 | 157 | 10.2 | 83 | 7.2 | 74 | 13.5 |
≥12.0 | 661 | 9.4 | 335 | 8.4 | 326 | 10.4 |
Youth’s schooling (years) | p = 0.003** | p = 0.32* | p <0.001** | |||
0 - 4 | 337 | 10.4 | 206 | 7.3 | 131 | 15.3 |
5 - 8 | 1172 | 9.7 | 716 | 8.2 | 456 | 12.1 |
9 - 11 | 2028 | 7.4 | 1010 | 6.5 | 1018 | 8.3 |
≥12 | 661 | 6.7 | 274 | 9.5 | 387 | 4.7 |
| ||||||
Total | 4198 | 8.2 | 2206 | 7.5 | 1992*** | 8.9 |
MW: Minimum wages
Chi-square test for heterogeneity
Chi-square test for linear trend
Excluding 90 women with 3 or more months of pregnancy