Table 4.
Variable | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Skin color | p = 0.002* | p = 0.97* | p <0.001* | |||
White | 3170 | 27.1 | 1653 | 30.5 | 1517 | 23.4 |
Black or Mixed | 882 | 32.7 | 469 | 30.5 | 413 | 35.1 |
Family income -1982 (MW) | p = 0.14* | p <0.001** | p = 0.001** | |||
≤1 | 826 | 25.5 | 438 | 22.1 | 388 | 29.4 |
1.1 - 3 | 2079 | 29.1 | 1092 | 31.0 | 987 | 27.1 |
3.1 - 6 | 788 | 30.8 | 415 | 35.4 | 373 | 25.7 |
6.1 - 10 | 244 | 28.3 | 128 | 32.8 | 116 | 23.3 |
>10 | 240 | 25.8 | 123 | 39.8 | 117 | 11.1 |
Change in income (1982 → 2004-5) | p = 0.95** | p <0.001** | p <0.001** | |||
Always poor | 682 | 28.3 | 334 | 20.4 | 348 | 35.9 |
Non poor → poor | 697 | 28.4 | 340 | 30.6 | 357 | 26.3 |
Poor → non poor | 649 | 28.7 | 360 | 28.8 | 289 | 28.0 |
Never poor | 2170 | 28.4 | 1172 | 34.0 | 998 | 21.8 |
Birthweight (grams) | p <0.001** | p <0.001** | p = 0.03** | |||
<2500 | 295 | 24.7 | 135 | 26.7 | 160 | 23.1 |
2500 - 2999 | 994 | 26.0 | 450 | 25.1 | 544 | 26.7 |
3000 - 3499 | 1588 | 26.1 | 846 | 29.1 | 742 | 22.6 |
3500 - 3999 | 1081 | 33.0 | 610 | 35.2 | 471 | 30.1 |
≥4000 | 239 | 38.5 | 165 | 39.4 | 74 | 36.5 |
Breastfeeding (months) | p = 0.22** | p = 0.99** | p = 0.03** | |||
<1.0 | 885 | 27.8 | 482 | 31.7 | 403 | 23.1 |
1.0 - 2.9 | 1049 | 27.3 | 542 | 30.3 | 507 | 24.1 |
3.0 - 5.9 | 934 | 28.4 | 484 | 28.7 | 450 | 28.0 |
6.0 - 8.9 | 380 | 28.4 | 201 | 32.8 | 179 | 23.5 |
9.0 - 11.9 | 157 | 33.1 | 83 | 32.5 | 74 | 33.8 |
≥12.0 | 661 | 29.5 | 335 | 30.7 | 326 | 28.2 |
Youth’s schooling (years) | p = 0.04* | p = 0.004** | p <0.001** | |||
0 - 4 | 337 | 26.7 | 206 | 21.8 | 131 | 34.4 |
5 - 8 | 1172 | 30.1 | 716 | 29.6 | 456 | 30.9 |
9 - 11 | 2028 | 29.1 | 1010 | 32.3 | 1018 | 26.0 |
≥12 | 661 | 24.2 | 274 | 33.6 | 387 | 17.6 |
| ||||||
Total | 4198 | 28.9 | 2206 | 30.6 | 1992*** | 26.1 |
MW: Minimum wages
Chi-square test for heterogeneity
Chi-square test for linear trend
Excluding 90 women with 3 or more months of pregnancy