Table 1.
| Table 1(a). Characteristics of the 16,332 men in the PHS according to BMI at 9 years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
P* | |||||
| <22.5 | 22.5–24.9 | 25.0–27.4 | 27.5–29.9 | ≥30.0 | ||
| Number of men | 2789 | 5545 | 4893 | 2006 | 1099 | |
| Mean age ± SD | 63.1 ± 10.0 | 61.7 ± 8.9 | 61.1 ± 8.3 | 60.9 ± 7.8 | 59.7 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
| Mean weight, kg (lb) | 67.6 (150.2) | 75.4 (167.5) | 82.6 (183.6) | 91.5 (203.4) | 103.1 (229.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 | 23.8 | 26.1 | 28.6 | 32.6 | <0.001 |
| Mean WC ± SD (in) | 34.3 ± 2.3 | 36.4 ± 2.3 | 38.6 ± 2.4 | 41.3 ± 2.6 | 44.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Mean WHR ± SD | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Mean WHtR ± SD | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension†(%) | 29.5 | 33.4 | 39.3 | 46.1 | 57.4 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 3.3 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 9.6 | <0.001 |
| High cholesterol ‡(%) | 20.4 | 22.7 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 23.0 | <0.001 |
| Prior cancer (%) | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 0.06 |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 53.7 | 52.0 | 48.1 | 47.6 | 43.2 | |
| Past | 39.2 | 42.2 | 45.3 | 45.5 | 48.5 | |
| Current | 7.1 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 8.3 | |
| Exercise ≥3 times/week (%) | 50.5 | 47.4 | 40.5 | 32.4 | 26.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake ≥1 drink/d (%) | 21.2 | 18.7 | 17.6 | 16.7 | 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Parental history of MI at <60 yrs (%) | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 0.02 |
| Table 1(b). Characteristics of the 32,700 women in the WHS according to BMI at 6 years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) |
P* | |||||
| <22.5 | 22.5–24.9 | 25.0–27.4 | 27.5–29.9 | ≥30.0 | ||
| Number of women | 6792 | 7421 | 6849 | 4160 | 7478 | |
| Mean age ± SD | 61.2 ± 7.6 | 60.9 ± 7.0 | 60.9 ± 6.9 | 60.7 ± 6.7 | 59.7 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Mean weight, kg (lb) | 56.1 (124.7) | 63.7 (141.6) | 70.4 (156.4) | 77.3 (171.7) | 91.8 (204.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9 | 23.8 | 26.3 | 28.8 | 34.5 | <0.001 |
| Mean WC ± SD (in) | 29.7 ± 2.9 | 32.5 ± 3.0 | 35.0 ± 3.2 | 37.5 ± 3.3 | 41.9 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Mean WHR ± SD | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Mean WHtR ± SD | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension†(%) | 25.4 | 32.0 | 40.7 | 48.1 | 62.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 12.7 | <0.001 |
| High cholesterol ‡(%) | 27.9 | 32.9 | 35.5 | 39.9 | 39.6 | <0.001 |
| Prior cancer (%) | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 0.16 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 24.6 | 22.8 | 24.7 | 26.4 | 30.8 | |
| Past | 12.9 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 14.4 | |
| Current | 62.5 | 64.6 | 61.6 | 59.5 | 54.7 | |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 52.1 | 51.6 | 51.5 | 51.3 | 52.8 | |
| Past | 36.1 | 39.6 | 39.5 | 40.6 | 40.2 | |
| Current | 11.8 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 6.9 | |
| Exercise ≥4 times/week (%) | 16.7 | 12.4 | 10.5 | 9.4 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake ≥1 drink/d (%) | 6.8 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake§(%) | ||||||
| Trans-fat (≥3.0 g/d) | 16.3 | 17.0 | 18.9 | 20.0 | 25.0 | <0.001 |
| N-3 fatty acid (≥1.7 g/d) | 18.6 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 21.8 | 20.7 | <0.001 |
| PUFA/saturated fat (≥0.7) | 22.3 | 20.6 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 15.8 | <0.001 |
| Glycemic load (≥135/d) | 24.8 | 22.2 | 18.5 | 17.6 | 15.2 | <0.001 |
| Folic acid (≥618µg/d) | 21.8 | 20.7 | 19.6 | 18.1 | 16.7 | <0.001 |
| Cereal fiber (≥5.4 g/d) | 21.3 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 18.9 | 19.3 | 0.01 |
| Parental history of MI before age 60 years (%) | 11.0 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 14.8 | 14.0 | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Black/African American | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.3 | |
| White/Non-Hispanic | 95.2 | 95.3 | 94.4 | 93.9 | 93.6 | |
| Other/unknown | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 | |
| Highest level of education (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 51.0 | 52.5 | 56.5 | 57.3 | 61.3 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 24.0 | 25.1 | 23.8 | 24.2 | 21.7 | |
| Master’s degree or doctorate | 24.9 | 22.4 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 17.0 | |
BMI = body mass index; WHtR = waist-to-height ratio; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio.
P-values are from Pearson chi square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables.
Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or antihypertensive medication use prior to 9 years).
High cholesterol defined as level ≥240 mg/dl or lipid-lowering medication use prior to 7 years.
BMI = body mass index; WHtR = waist-to-height ratio; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio.
P-values are from Pearson chi square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables.
Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or diagnosis of hypertension by a clinician prior to 6 years.
High cholesterol defined as a diagnosis of high cholesterol [≥240 mg/dl] or cholesterol-lowering medication use prior to 6 years.
Levels refer to highest quintile of energy-adjusted dietary intake.