Table 2.
Percentages and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of new onset PTSD among combat deployed* participants of Millennium Cohort according to specific and sensitive criteria, 2001-6
| Baseline characteristics | Specific criteria† (n=395) | Sensitive criteria‡ (n=457) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (%§) | OR¶ (95% CI) | No (%§) | OR¶ (95% CI) | ||
| Centile of mental component summary score (mean score): | |||||
| <15th (<46.2) | 156 (19.2) | 3.51 (2.74 to 4.50) | 158 (21.5) | 3.18 (2.50 to 4.05) | |
| 15-85th (46.2-60.4) | 199 (5.3) | 1.00 | 252 (6.7) | 1.00 | |
| >85th (>60.4) | 40 (4.9) | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.24) | 47 (5.8) | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.12) | |
| Centile of physical component summary score (mean score): | |||||
| <15th (<48.2) | 116 (14.3) | 2.22 (1.71 to 2.89) | 124 (15.9) | 2.11 (1.64 to 2.70) | |
| 15-85th (48.2-59.7) | 221 (5.8) | 1.00 | 267 (7.1) | 1.00 | |
| >85th (>59.7) | 58 (7.1) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) | 66 (8.3) | 0.89 (0.65 to 1.21) | |
| Sex: | |||||
| Male | 281 (6.2) | 1.00 | 326 (7.3) | 1.00 | |
| Female | 114 (13.2) | 2.26 (1.72 to 2.98) | 131 (15.4) | 2.33 (1.80 to 3.03) | |
| Birth year: | |||||
| Pre 1960 | 43 (5.3) | 1.00 | 49 (6.1) | 1.00 | |
| 1960-9 | 119 (5.5) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.24) | 144 (6.7) | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) | |
| 1970-9 | 184 (8.7) | 1.20 (0.80 to 1.81) | 206 (10.0) | 1.26 (0.86 to 1.85) | |
| 1980 forward | 49 (15.0) | 1.38 (0.81 to 2.35) | 58 (18.5) | 1.59 (0.96 to 2.62) | |
| Education: | |||||
| High school or less | 294 (10.6) | 1.00 | 334 (12.3) | 1.00 | |
| Some college | 49 (4.6) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.12) | 63 (6.0) | 0.86 (0.61 to 1.21) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 34 (3.1) | 0.60 (0.36 to 1.02) | 40 (3.6) | 0.60 (0.37 to 0.98) | |
| Advanced degree | 18 (3.9) | 1.10 (0.54 to 2.22) | 20 (4.4) | 1.07 (0.56 to 2.06) | |
| Marital status: | |||||
| Not married | 179 (9.1) | 1.00 | 208 (10.8) | 1.00 | |
| Married | 216 (6.3) | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.46) | 249 (7.3) | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.43) | |
| Race/ethnicity: | |||||
| White non-Hispanic | 263 (7.2) | 1.00 | 306 (8.5) | 1.00 | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 50 (9.2) | 1.22 (0.85 to 1.75) | 55 (10.3) | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.68) | |
| Other | 82 (6.9) | 1.55 (1.15 to 2.09) | 96 (8.1) | 1.57 (1.18 to 2.08) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | 190 (5.9) | 1.00 | 217 (6.9) | 1.00 | |
| Past smoker | 90 (7.4) | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.54) | 104 (8.7) | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.57) | |
| Current smoker | 115 (11.6) | 1.38 (1.05 to 1.81) | 136 (14.1) | 1.56 (1.21 to 2.01) | |
| Alcohol/CAGE**: | |||||
| No | 297 (6.8) | 1.00 | 348 (8.1) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 98 (9.5) | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.47) | 109 (11.0) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.46) | |
| Military rank: | |||||
| Non-officer | 344 (9.0) | 1.80 (1.07 to 3.01) | 397 (10.6) | 1.77 (1.11 to 2.85) | |
| Officer | 51 (3.2) | 1.00 | 60 (3.8) | 1.00 | |
| Service component: | |||||
| Reserve/National Guard | 172 (8.5) | 1.78 (1.39 to 2.28) | 205 (10.3) | 1.85 (1.47 to 2.33) | |
| Active duty | 223 (6.6) | 1.00 | 252 (7.6) | 1.00 | |
| Branch of service: | |||||
| Army | 323 (9.1) | 1.87 (1.23 to 2.85) | 373 (10.7) | 2.04 (1.39 to 3.02) | |
| Air force | 35 (3.1) | 1.00 | 41 (3.7) | 1.00 | |
| Navy/coast guard | 17 (4.4) | 1.14 (0.60 to 2.17) | 21 (5.5) | 1.39 (0.77 to 2.51) | |
| Marine corps | 20 (5.6) | 1.22 (0.64 to 2.31) | 22 (6.3) | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.29) | |
| Occupational category: | |||||
| Combat specialists | 87 (5.6) | 1.00 | 101 (6.6) | 1.00 | |
| Healthcare specialists | 37 (6.5) | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.30) | 36 (6.4) | 0.67 (0.44 to 1.04) | |
| Functional support | 51 (8.0) | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.51) | 59 (9.5) | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) | |
| Other occupations | 220 (8.3) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.43) | 261 (10.1) | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.43) | |
| Combat exposure severity††: | |||||
| 1 exposure | 55 (3.7) | 1.00 | 74 (5.1) | 1.00 | |
| 2 exposures | 58 (5.6) | 1.43 (0.96 to 2.11) | 60 (5.9) | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.57) | |
| ≥3 exposures | 282 (9.8) | 2.60 (1.89 to 3.58) | 323 (11.4) | 2.32 (1.74 to 3.08) | |
*Combat deployed defined as having at least one deployment in support of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan between submission dates of baseline and first follow-up questionnaires and report of at least one combat-like exposure on follow-up questionnaire.
†PTSD symptoms based on PCL-C with DSM-IV criteria and 50/85 points possible or diagnosis of PTSD within three years before completion of follow-up questionnaire.
‡PTSD symptoms based on PCL-C and DSM-IV criteria or diagnosis of PTSD within three years before completion of follow-up questionnaire.
§Percentage of participants with PTSD within baseline category.
¶Adjusted for all variables listed.
**At baseline, self reported ever feeling at least one of: need to cut back on drinking, annoyed at anyone who suggested to cut back on drinking, need for an “eye opener” or early morning drink, and guilty about drinking.
††Combat exposures included reporting exposure to witnessing death, abuse, maimed soldiers or civilians, or prisoners of war, or refugees.