Table 1.
Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure according to birth weight, skin color, family income at birth, maternal schooling and duration of breastfeeding, according to sex. Pelotas, Southern Brazil, 1982 to 2004-5.
| Variable | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean blood pressure in mmHg (standard deviation) |
Mean blood pressure in mmHg (standard deviation) |
|||||
| n | Systolic | Diastolic | n | Systolic | Diastolic | |
| Skin color*,** | 0.02*** | 0.28*** | 0.02*** | 0.56*** | ||
| White | 1654 | 123.1 (14.2) | 75.6 (11.3) | 1580 | 110.8 (12.8) | 71.3 (10.5) |
| Black or Mixed | 470 | 124.8 (14.6) | 76.2 (12.5) | 437 | 112.5 (14.0) | 71.6 (12.0) |
| Maternal schooling (years)** | 0.49*** | 0.57*** | 0.30**** | 0.02**** | ||
| 0 - 4 | 717 | 123.7 (14.8) | 75.8 (12.1) | 688 | 110.9 (13.3) | 70.7 (11.4) |
| 5 - 8 | 956 | 123.0 (14.2) | 75.4 (11.6) | 870 | 111.1 (13.1) | 71.3 (10.5) |
| 9 - 11 | 239 | 124.4 (13.6) | 76.3 (10.8) | 234 | 111.4 (12.6) | 72.0 (11.2) |
| ≥12 | 292 | 123.9 (14.4) | 76.1 (11.2) | 289 | 111.8 (12.5) | 72.2 (9.8) |
| Family income in 1982 (MW)** | 0.87*** | 0.22*** | 0.55**** | 0.49*** | ||
| ≤ 1 | 438 | 123.2 (14.4) | 75.9 (12.0) | 414 | 111.1 (14.0) | 71.2 (11.9) |
| 1.1 - 3 | 1092 | 123.7 (14.5) | 75.6 (11.8) | 1031 | 111.3 (13.0) | 71.0 (10.8) |
| 3.1 - 6 | 416 | 123.2 (14.3) | 75.3 (11.2) | 383 | 111.2 (12.0) | 72.2 (9.7) |
| 6.1 - 10 | 129 | 124.4 (13.9) | 77.9 (11.1) | 122 | 110.4 (12.8) | 70.9 (10.2) |
| >10 | 123 | 123.0 (14.1) | 75.0 (11.3) | 121 | 110.6 (12.9) | 71.3 (10.3) |
| Income change (1982 → 2004-5)** | 0.08*** | 0.15*** | 0.38*** | 0.20*** | ||
| Always poor | 335 | 123.2 (15.0) | 76.0 (12.7) | 373 | 111.9 (14.1) | 71.3 (12.1) |
| Non-poor → poor | 339 | 121.8 (14.1) | 74.4 (11.6) | 374 | 110.3 (12.7) | 70.3 (10.3) |
| Poor → non-poor | 359 | 123.6 (14.9) | 75.8 (12.2) | 305 | 111.4 (13.6) | 71.2 (11.6) |
| Never poor | 1175 | 124.0 (14.0) | 76.0 (11.1) | 1031 | 111.1 (12.6) | 71.7 (10.2) |
| Birth weight (g)** | 0.37**** | 0.05**** | 0.25*** | 0.38*** | ||
| < 2500 | 136 | 124.7 (14.5) | 76.8 (12.9) | 165 | 111.3 (13.2) | 71.3 (12.1) |
| 2500 - 2999 | 451 | 123.0 (13.6) | 75.5 (10.9) | 570 | 111.4 (13.5) | 71.2 (11.4) |
| 3000 - 3499 | 847 | 124.0 (14.7) | 76.2 (11.8) | 785 | 111.2 (12.9) | 71.4 (10.6) |
| 3500 - 3999 | 609 | 123.0 (14.3) | 75.4 (11.6) | 486 | 111.3 (12.8) | 71.6 (10.2) |
| ≥ 4000 | 165 | 122.9 (14.2) | 73.6 (11.8) | 76 | 107.8 (11.2) | 68.9 (9.8) |
| Duration of breastfeeding (months)** | 0.05*** | 0.18*** | 0.03*** | 0.06*** | ||
| < 1.0 | 482 | 124.1 (15.4) | 75.8 (12.3) | 417 | 111.4 (12.5) | 71.8 (10.5) |
| 1.0 - 2.9 | 544 | 123.6 (13.8) | 75.5 (11.5) | 529 | 110.6 (13.1) | 70.8 (11.1) |
| 3.0 - 5.9 | 484 | 121.8 (14.2) | 74.8 (11.0) | 469 | 110.2 (12.7) | 70.9 (10.4) |
| 6.0 - 8.9 | 202 | 123.2 (13.4) | 75.9 (11.5) | 191 | 110.1 (13.5) | 69.9 (11.1) |
| 9.0 - 11.9 | 83 | 122.7 (13.8) | 74.9 (12.0) | 76 | 114.2 (14.0) | 73.7 (11.7) |
| ≥12.0 | 334 | 124.9 (14.5) | 77.0 (11.7) | 345 | 112.5 (13.3) | 71.9 (10.9) |
|
| ||||||
| Total***** | 2208 | 123.5 (14.3) | 75.7 (11.7) | 2083 | 111.1 (13.0) | 71.3 (10.8) |
MW: Minimum wages
*
150 interviewees classified themselves as Asian or indigenous
**
Out of the 4297 subjects interviewed in 2004-5, there was missing information in the cases of 141 individuals (3.3% of the interviewees)
***
Test for heterogeneity
****
Test for linear trend
*****
For six of the interviewees in 2004-5, there was no information on systolic and diastolic pressure