Table 2.
Outcomes of Multiple Regressions of Standardized Cognitive Function Score on Wealth, Income, Education, and Neighborhood Deprivation According to Age and Sex
| <70 | ≥70 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 1,996) | Women (n = 2,392) | Men (n = 1,006) | Women (n = 1,391) | All Respondents | |
| Variable | Differences in Z-Scores of Cognitive Function (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
| Wealth | |||||
| Lowest 20% | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd | 0.11 (−0.04–0.26) | 0.20 (0.06–0.34) | 0.10 (−0.08–0.27) | 0.14 (−0.01–0.29) | 0.14 (0.06–0.21) |
| 3rd | 0.19 (0.04–0.34) | 0.31 (0.17–0.45) | 0.07 (−0.10–0.25) | 0.13 (−0.03–0.29) | 0.19 (0.12–0.26) |
| 4th | 0.20 (0.05–0.36) | 0.35 (0.21–0.49) | 0.09 (−0.11–0.30) | 0.26 (0.10–0.42) | 0.24 (0.17–0.31) |
| Highest 20% | 0.23 (0.07–0.40) | 0.38 (0.23–0.52) | 0.02 (−0.20–0.24) | 0.26 (0.06–0.47) | 0.26 (0.18–0.34) |
| Income | |||||
| Lowest 20% | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd | − 0.04 (−0.22–0.13) | 0.14 (−0.01–0.28) | 0.17 (−0.01–0.35) | 0.06 (−0.07–0.19) | 0.06 (−0.01–0.13) |
| 3rd | − 0.05 (−0.21–0.10) | 0.14 (0.01–0.28) | 0.25 (0.06–0.44) | 0.18 (0.04–0.31) | 0.09 (0.02–0.16) |
| 4th | 0.06 (−0.09–0.20) | 0.12 (−0.00–0.25) | 0.39 (0.18–0.60) | 0.15 (−0.02–0.32) | 0.10 (0.03–0.17) |
| Highest 20% | 0.17 (0.03–0.32) | 0.10 (−0.04–0.23) | 0.58 (0.32–0.84) | 0.01 (−0.25–0.27) | 0.12 (0.05–0.20) |
| Age when finished full-time education | |||||
| ≤14 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 15 | 0.25 (0.03–0.46) | 0.18 (−0.05–0.42) | 0.00 (−0.16–0.16) | 0.05 (−0.09–0.18) | 0.08 (0.02–0.15) |
| 16 | 0.53 (0.30–0.76) | 0.50 (0.25–0.74) | 0.22 (0.04–0.40) | 0.21 (0.03–0.38) | 0.32 (0.24–0.40) |
| 17 | 0.57 (0.30–0.85) | 0.48 (0.21–0.74) | 0.37 (0.06–0.67) | 0.38 (0.20–0.56) | 0.38 (0.29–0.48) |
| 18 | 0.45 (0.18–0.73) | 0.52 (0.23–0.80) | 0.17 (−0.10–0.44) | 0.05 (−0.22–0.32) | 0.26 (0.15–0.37) |
| ≥19 | 0.73 (0.50–0.96) | 0.74 (0.47–1.00) | 0.31 (0.09–0.53) | 0.36 (0.10–0.62) | 0.47 (0.38–0.56) |
| Not finished | 0.32 (−0.01–0.65) | 0.26 (−0.06–0.58) | 0.36 (0.00–0.71) | 0.11 (−0.19–0.27) | 0.18 (0.04–0.33) |
| Index of multiple deprivation | |||||
| 20% least deprived | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd 20% | 0.00 (−0.11–0.11) | 0.02 (−0.08–0.12) | − 0.03 (−0.19–0.13) | −0.04 (−0.18–0.11) | −0.01 (−0.04–0.05) |
| 3rd 20% | −0.11 (−0.24–0.01) | 0.01 (−0.09–0.12) | −0.17 (−0.33 to −0.01) | −0.20 (−0.36 to −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.04) |
| 4th 20% | −0.11 (−0.24–0.03) | −0.12 (−0.23 to −0.01) | −0.19 (−0.37 to −0.01) | −0.11 (−0.27–0.04) | −0.12 (−0.19 to −0.05) |
| 20% most deprived | −0.11 (−0.26–0.04) | −0.16 (−0.30 to −0.02) | −0.28 (−0.48 to −0.07) | −0.29 (−0.46 to −0.12) | −0.18 (−0.25 to −0.10) |
Analyses were controlled for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, doctor-diagnosed diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high blood-pressure, angina pectoris, heart murmur, arrhythmia, visual problems, self-reported hearing loss, self-reported health, and depressive symptoms. Subjects who reported having had a stroke were excluded.