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. 2009 Mar 13;10(3):1161–1192. doi: 10.3390/ijms10031161

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© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 6. — A paradigm of phosphotransfer-mediated energetic signaling: coupling cellular metabolic and electrical activities. Dynamic interaction between creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK) and glycolytic (represented by pyruvate kinase, PK) phosphotransfer relays determines a prototypic metabolic sensor - K_ATP channel behavior and subsequent cellular responses, such as excitability, hormone secretion, intracellular calcium homeostasis and vascular tone. The shadowed area represents a metabolic sensor “sensing zone”, where intimate local changes in nucleotide ratios are sensed and transduced into an appropriate cellular response. Phosphotransfer circuits connect the “sensing zone” with cellular processes. Dashed lines indicate pathways signaling the high-energy state, while solid lines represent low-energy state signal transmission. Kir6.2 – potassium channel subunit; SUR – sulfonylurea receptor; GluK/Hex –glucokinase and hexokinase. Reproduced from ref. [7] with permission.