Fig. 3.

Opposite function of GCase subdomains to determine migration direction during electrotaxis. (A and B) Control. (C and D) cAMP at 1 μM. (E and F) cAMP at 1 μM and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, at 60 μM. (A–F) Cell trajectories of gc-null cells expressing sGCΔΝ (gc-null/sGCΔN) (A, C, and E) or sGCΔCat (gc-null/sGCΔCat) (B, D, and F) at 10 V·cm⁻¹. Expression of sGCΔΝ or sGCΔCat into gc-null cells consistently caused the cathode-directed and anode-directed bias in electrotaxis, respectively, regardless of whether cAMP and the PI3K inhibitor were present or not. (G) A summary of directedness. *, P < 0.01 compared with WT cells at 10 V·cm⁻¹. **, P < 0.01 compared with gc-null/sGCΔN cells at 10 V·cm⁻¹. ***, P < 0.01 compared with gc-null/sGCΔCat cells treated with 1 μM cAMP at 10 V·cm⁻¹. #, no statistical significance, unpaired Student's t test. (H) Time course of directedness (instantaneous directedness) obtained in 1-min intervals at 10 V·cm⁻¹. Data (mean ± SEM) for each cell type was quantified from 8–11 independent experiments.