Fig. 5.

Model for directional switching in electrotaxis. Multiple-signaling pathways mediate electrotactic signals to bias migration toward the cathode and anode. PI3Ks and the catalytic domain of sGC with GbpC are involved in cathode-directed migration, whereas the N-terminal domain of sGC and unidentified cAMP-activated pathways (X) mediate anode-directed migration. Migration direction is determined by a tug-of-war-like mechanism between the multiple-signaling pathways. The sGC-dependent pathways can be switched between cathode-directed and anode-directed signaling through intracellular cGMP levels.