Table 5 Specific malformations seen in each AED group.
| Malformation | VPA | CBZ | PHT | PT | NE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac | – | Vsd (2) | Coa/vsd/pda (1) | Vsd (1) | |
| Vsd (1) | |||||
| Neural tube defect | Spina bifida (1) | – | |||
| Hydrocephalus (1) | |||||
| Skeletal | Polydactyly (1) | Polydactyly (1) | |||
| Split hand (1) | |||||
| Genitourinary | Hypospadias (5) | Hypospadias(1) | Hypospadias (1) | Hypospadias (1) | |
| Duplex kidneys (1) | |||||
| Eyes | Coloboma iris (1) | ||||
| Optic disc coloboma (1) | |||||
| Other | Thyroglossal cyst (1) | Cleft lip & palate (1) | Trigonocephaly (1) | Abdominal haemangioma (1) | |
| Pyloric stenosis (1) | |||||
| Total | 12 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
The number in parentheses indicates the number of children with each abnormality.
AED, Antiepileptic drug; VPA, valproate; CBZ, carbamazepine; PHT, phenytoin; PT, polytherapy; NE, non‐exposed; vsd, ventricular septal defects; Coa, coarctation of aorta; pda, patent ductus arteriosus.