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Mechanisms by which leucocyte elastase (LE), neutrophil elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) may induce alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis. α-1 antitrypsin (A1AT), proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP), extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK).
