Cytokines & chemokines |
|
IL-12 p35 |
Together with p40 forms the cytokine IL-12 involved in Th1 polarization |
[4,22] |
|
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IL-12 p40 |
Together with p35 forms the cytokine IL-12 involved in Th1 polarization |
[4,22] |
|
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IL-23 p19 |
Together with p40 forms cytokine IL-23 in DCs which augments Th1 and Th17 responses |
[26,32,36] |
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TNF-α |
General pro-inflammatory cytokine mediating local inflammation. Its expression is dependent on NF-kβ signalling |
[17] |
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CXCL-10 (IP-10) |
Chemotactic factor for T cells. Its expression is dependent on the IFN-responsive gene pathway |
[35,45] |
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CCL22 |
Chemokine involved in recruitment of Th2 effector cells |
[27] |
|
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TGF-β |
Cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, by inhibiting activity and function of both T cells and DCs |
[34,42] |
|
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IL-10 |
Cytokine that potently suppresses immune responses and in particular DCs and T cell responses, by downregulating pro-inflammatory effectors |
[34,37] |
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Toll like receptor signalling |
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TLR2 |
Receptor of innate immunity for recognition of mainly lipid containing compounds |
[19,43] |
|
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TLR4 |
Receptor of innate immunity for recognition of LPS |
[19,43] |
|
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MyD88 |
Proximal, most common adaptor of TLR signalling, shared by all TLR except TLR3 |
[24,43] |
|
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NOD2 |
Intracellular peptidoglycan receptor implicated in activation of NF-kB but also in inhibition of TLR2 signalling |
[31,38,44] |
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TRIF (TICAM1) |
TLR3 and TLR4 specific adaptor which mediates the MyD88-independent pathway preferentially leading to induction of IFN-responsive genes |
[30,46] |
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Tollip |
Inhibitor of IRAK activity and thereby TLR signalling |
[48] |
|
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SOCS-1 |
Inhibitor of LPS-TLR4 signalling pathway as well as TLR induced JAK/STAT signalling. Potential negative regulator of Th1 responses |
[20,47] |
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SOCS-3 |
Inhibitor of JAK/STAT signalling but also positive regulator of APC function by suppression of STAT3, which normally inhibits TLR signalling. |
[20,47] |
|
Modulators of T cell activation & polarization |
Intracellular |
DUSP2 |
Phosphatase modulating MAP kinase signalling balance |
[33] |
|
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IDO |
Enzyme that catabolizes tryptophan to kynurenines, which are able to induce T cell apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Expression induced by IFN-γ |
[28] |
|
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c-Fos |
Transcription factor activated by MAP kinases which induces IL-10 production and is involved in DC mediated Th2/anti-inflammatory responses |
[15,18] |
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Membrane bound |
PD-L1 (B7-H1) |
Costimulatory molecule and ligand for PD-1 on T-cells. It has inhibitory function in T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Might be stimulatory for Th2 response |
[25,29,40] |
|
|
PD-L2 (B7-DC) |
Costimulatory molecule and ligand for PD-1 on T-cells. Reported to have synergic activity with other costimulatory molecules as well as inhibitory activity on T cell activation |
[25,29,40] |
|
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LIR-7 (ILT-1) |
Receptor with unknown ligand(s) with possible immune suppressive properties, but also implicated in immune activation |
[23,41] |
|
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Jagged-2 |
Ligand for notch-receptor on T cells; influences T cell skewing |
[21] |
|
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Delta-4 |
Ligand for notch-receptor on T cells; influences T cell skewing |
[21,39] |
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Delta-1 |
Ligand for notch-receptor on T cells; influences T cell skewing |
[21] |