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FRET-based measurement of CaM/CaM-QD-induced changes in Ca2+ levels in mesophyll protoplasts isolated from transgenic ECFP-calmodulin-M13-EYFP Arabidopsis plants. The images were collected by laser scanning confocal microscopy; ECFP was excited at 458 nm. FRET was detected when protoplasts were incubated with 1 μm CaM (A) and 1 μm CaM-QD (B). Scale bars, 2.5 μm.
