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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pain. 2008 Jun 12;13(3):253–262. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.04.014

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cytokine mRNA levels in hindpaw skin ipsilateral to tibia fracture. The mRNA levels of TNFα (panel A), IL-1β (panel B) and IL-6 (panel C) were measured using real-time PCR. Groups include control rats, fracture rats given regular water, or fracture rats given 200mg/kg/day pentoxiphylline (PTX) in drinking water. At 4 weeks after fracture the levels of mRNA expression for all cytokines were increased in ipsilateral hindpaw skin relative to the control animals. Treatment with PTX reduced mRNA levels of these cytokines relative to tibia fracture rats receiving regular drinking water (n = 8–10 per cohort). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 for fracture vs. control groups, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 and ###P < 0.001 for fracture/PTX treated vs. fracture/regular water groups.

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