Table 3.
Illustrative examples of nanoparticulate carrier-based drug delivery in restenosis
| Drugs | Nanocarrier System | Model and Route of Administration | Conclusions | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clodronate, Pamidronate, Alendronate, ISA-13-1 | Liposome | Balloon injured rat carotid artery, Local, IV and Sub-Q drug administration | Using bisphosphonates they were able to show that macrophage depletion would inhibit restenosis by modulating immune response reducing inflammation at site, local administration not effective systemic was (IV subcutaneous) | (Danenberg et al 2002; Danenberg et al 2003) |
| Zn(II)-phthalocyanine light therapy | Liposome | SV40LT-SMC cell line | Produced apoptosis of VSMC after light activation of phthalocyanine | (Magaraggia et al 2006) |
| Alendronate | PLGA | Balloon injured hypercholesterimic rabbit carotid artery, Sub-Q, IV administration | Inhibited macrophage build up, reducing restenosis, SC more effective than IV | (Cohen-Sela et al 2006) |
| PTX | Albumin NP loaded with PTX | Denuded iliac artery, New Zealand rabbit, stented after denuding, systemic administration | Single 5 mg/kg systemic dose good for 28 days of endothelial inhibition, second dose at 28 days holds off cell growth for 90 days. | (Kolodgie et al 2002) |
| DOX, PTX | Tissue factor antibody-targeted perflorocarbon nano-emulsion to bind to SMC | Porcine aortic smooth muscle cell line | Reduction of SMC growth seen with both DOX and PTX targeted emulsions can also be used for MRI imaging agents | (Lanza et al 2002) |
| DOX | Polymeric micelle PEG-poly-ASP | Balloon injured rat carotid artery, IV admin | Inhibited vascular proliferation, did not induce apoptosis, thought to target by EPR | (Uwatoku et al 2003) |
| AG-1295 | PLA nanoparticle | Balloon injured swine, infusion catheter used | Local delivery via infusion catheter showed inhibition of SMC growth. | (Banai et al 1998) |
| AG-1295 | PLA nanoparticle | Balloon injured rat carotid artery, Canula direct delivery | Antiproliferation observed in culture porcine SMC and rat carotid artery | (Fishbein et al 2000) |
| AGL-2043 | PLA nanoparticle | Balloon injured rat carotid artery, and stented porcine artery | Nano encapsulated drug inhibited restenosis in both animal models | (Banai et al 2005) |
| U-86 2-aminochromone (antiproliferative agent) | PLGA nanoparticle with various moieties. | Ex-vivo dog femoral artery, and in-vivo acute dog femoral and pig coronary arteries following angioplasty | Cationic surface modifying agents lead to enhanced arterial drug levels. | (Labhasetwar et al 1998) |
Abbreviations: PLGA, Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide); PLA, Poly(L-lactic acid); PEG, Poly(ethylene glycol).