Illustrating examples of how Disruptive components might be used in both background matching and disruptive camouflage. (a) True disruptive camouflage advantage may be conveyed when components are strongly expressed and coordinated, with the use of exaggerated edges to create false boundaries. At lower levels of expression, or the expression of individual Disruptive components, it is more likely to convey a cryptic background matching advantage in the same visual environment. (b) Here, the white square component alone is expressed by a different animal on the same background, with ‘shading’ giving it a relief similar to the pebbles in the environment.