Table 1.
Clinical and Metabolic Characteristics of Subjects
| Variables | Non-Diabetic | Diet | Insulin | Metformin | Rosiglitazone | Met/RSG |
| Age (years) | 44.1 ± 9.9§‡*†** | 48.3 ± 9.1‡*** | 55.6 ± 11.4 | 53.0 ± 10.5 | 52.3 ± 9.5 | 52.5 ± 9.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 ± 5.2 | 29.6 ± 5.8 | 29.0 ± 6.2 | 32.0 ± 5.8 | 29.6 ± 5.8 | 31.0 ± 5.3 |
| Systolic (mmHg) | 117.3 ± 20.0 | 111.6 ± 22.9*** | 115.7 ± 24.9** | 123.8 ± 23.5 | 114.1 ± 28.7** | 128.4 ± 23.6 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 84.1 ± 14.6‡* | 88.2 ± 14.9‡ | 96.0 ± 15.5*** | 90.3 ± 14.3** | 90.9 ± 16.3 | 84.6 ± 13.0 |
| WHR | 1.1 ± 0.2§‡† | 1.3 ± 0.4** | 1.4 ± 0.4** | 1.3 ± 0.4** | 1.3 ± 0.3** | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.5 ± 1.5§‡*†** | 7.1 ± 2.8‡*** | 9.5 ± 3.8 | 9.6 ± 3.4 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 3.9 |
| Insulin (ng/ml)# | 20.1(10.9–23.0)‡ | 19.1(10.7–24.6)‡ | 29.9(21.2–36.6)*** | 20.7(10.9–27.3) | 21.5(11.8–20.5) | 17.1(7.6–17.2) |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.2 ± 0.9§* | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 1.4 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.5 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.9** | 5.1 ± 1.2 |
| TG (mmol/l)# | 1.4 (1.0–1.9)*** | 1.6(0.9–2.3)*** | 1.8(1.2–2.4) | 2.1(1.3–2.4) | 1.6(0.8–2.3) | 2.2(1.3–2.5) |
| Leptin (ng/ml)# | 31.0(14.6–42.2)§*†** | 18.2(5.8–23.4)‡ | 27.5(9.8–39.3)†** | 22.5(9.6–29.6)** | 16.2(5.2–19.8) | 18.6(4.9–21.7) |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml)# | 8.5(5.1–1.0) †** | 8.6 (5.7–10.4)†** | 10.4 (5.3–13.2)†** | 9.1(6.0–11.3)†** | 16.1(10.2–20.1) | 14.3(8.9–16.1) |
| CRP(μg/ml)# | 4.2(1.1–5.2) | 3.8 (2.5–4.9)‡ | 6.3 (1.5–6.5)** | 4.6(1.3–4.7) | 3.7(0.8–4.6) | 3.6(1.0–3.9) |
| Resistin (ng/ml)# | 15.6(10.7–19.8)† | 15.0(14.5–17.9)† | 17.6(10.5–18.4)†** | 16.1(11.3–18.1)†** | 11.9(8.0–13.7)** | 14.2(10.4–16.7) |
| TNF-α (pg/ml)# | 5.4(3.4–7.3)*** | 4.7(2.9–6.2) | 5.4 (2.7–7.4)* | 4.2(2.8–5.3)† | 5.9(4.3–6.8)** | 4.5(3.3–5.6) |
| Endotoxin(EU/ml)# | 4.2(3.1–5.1)§‡*†** | 7.9(5.7–10.0)† | 9.2 (6.6–10.7)*†** | 7.5(4.6–8.7)† | 5.6 (4.2–6.1)** | 7.4 (4.8–9.6) |
Clinical characteristics for non-diabetic (ND) and T2DM subjects on anti-diabetic therapies. Variables marked with # were log transformed prior to statistical analysis. Hence data are presented as mean ± SD unless log transformed (#) in which case they are presented as mean (interquartile range). Significance was set at p < 0.05. Therefore §denotes a significant difference in the mean values when compared with diet; ‡ denotes significance when compared with insulin; *denotes significance when compared with metformin; † denotes significance compared with RSG; ** denotes significance when compared with met/RSG.