TABLE 1.
Phospholipid signaling KO mutants in Arabidopsis
| Class | Arabidopsis Gene | Enzymatic Activity (in Vitro) | Phenotype | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLA | AtPLAI | Acylhydrolase (sn-1 and sn-2) preferring galactolipids over phospholipids | Less resistant to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea | (35) |
| AtDAD1 | sn1-acylhydrolase in JA pathway | Anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, and flower opening | (41) | |
| PLC | AtPLC | PI/PLC | Lateral root growth | –a |
| PLD | AtPLDα1 | Phospholipase D | Reduced ABA responses; enhanced seed quality | (55, 56) |
| AtPLDα3 | Phospholipase D | Reduced salt tolerance | (57) | |
| AtPLDδ | Phospholipase D | Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress; reduced freezing tolerance | (58, 59) | |
| AtPLDα1/PLDδ | Phospholipase D | Reduced salt and osmotic stress tolerance | (60) | |
| AtPLDζ2 | Phospholipase D | Reduced auxin sensitivity; increased sensitivity to Pi starvation | (61, 62) | |
| AtPLDζ1/2 | Phospholipase D | Increased sensitivity to Pi starvation | (63) | |
| PI3K | AtVPS34 | PI 3-kinase | Lethal; antisense plants are severely affected in growth and development | (43–45) |
| PI4K | AtPI4Kβ1 | PI 4-kinase | AtPI4Kβ1/β2 double mutants display distorted root hair development | (24) |
| AtPI4Kβ2 | PI 4-kinase | |||
| PIP5K | AtPIP5K3 | PI4P 5 kinase | Shorter root hairs | (22, 23) |
| 3PTase | AtPTEN1 | Dual specificity 3-PTase and Tyr phosphatase | Pollen development (RNA interference) (pollen cell death after mitogenesis) | (54) |
| 4PTase | RHD4, AtSAC7 | PtdIns4P 4-phosphatase | Bulging root hairs | (25) |
| 5PTase | FRA7 AtSAC1 | PtdIns(3,5)P2 5-phosphatase | Alterations in actin cytoskeleton organization and reduced cell wall thickening | (53) |
| AtSAC9 | Ins(1,4,5)P3- and PtdIns(4,5)P2 5-phosphatase | Reduced growth, hyponastic, purple stress leaves | (64) | |
| At5Ptase1 and 2 | Type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 | Germination and seedling development in double mutant | (65) | |
| FRA3 | Type II inositol poly-phosphate 5-phosphatase; PtdIns(4,5)P2 > Ins(1,4,5)P3 | Reduction in secondary wall thickness and stem strength, alterated actin deposition in fiber cells | (66) | |
| At5Ptase13 | Type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase toward Ins(1,4,5)P3 | Altered auxin levels, blue light signaling | (67, 68) | |
| MRH3 (At5Ptase5) | Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase | Root hair initiation | (69) | |
| CVP2 (At5Ptase6) | Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase | Vascular patterning cotyledon | (70) | |
| IPK | AtIPK1/AtIPK2β | Inositolpolyphospate kinase | InsP6 levels down, Pi sensing, and root hair growth | (16) |
a
Unpublished observations.