Table 1.
Group; mean (SD)* |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPD
|
BPD D+ v. BPD D−
|
||||
Measure | Nondissociative (BPD D−) | Dissociative (BPD D+) | Healthy controls | Test | p value |
Dissociative experience | |||||
DSS (state) | 0.12 (0.11) | 3.10 (1.60) | 0.12 (0.22) | t10.1 = 6.2 | < 0.001 |
DES (trait) | 15.9 (11.5) | 35.5 (12.7) | 3.32 (3.01) | t19 = 3.7 | 0.002 |
Hearing threshold level, dB | 33.3 (4.62) | 42.0 (13.6) | 32.7 (11.2) | t12.5 = 2.0 | 0.07 |
General psychopathology | |||||
Borderline Symptom List30 | 1.77 (0.48) | 2.09 (0.53) | 0.74 (0.31) | t19 = 1.4 | 0.17 |
Cormorbidity | |||||
No. Axis-I disorders | 1.30 (0.82) | 1.00 (0.89) | — | t19 = 0.8 | 0.44 |
No. Axis-II disorders | 0.50 (0.53) | 0.64 (0.67) | — | t19 = 0.6 | 0.61 |
PTSD: current, %† | 50 | 27 | — | 0.39 | |
PTSD: lifetime, %† | 50 | 36 | — | 0.67 | |
Trauma, %† | 100 | 82 | 6 | 0.48 | |
Baseline reactivity | |||||
US valence‡ | 5.70 (0.5) | 5.45 (0.7) | 4.86 (1.0) | t19 = 0.9 | 0.36 |
US arousal§ | 5.20 (0.9) | 5.18 (0.9) | 4.51 (1.5) | t19 = 0.1 | 0.96 |
US log (SCR+1) | 0.36 (0.2) | 0.37 (0.2) | 0.27 (0.2) | t19 = 0.2 | 0.88 |
CS (habituation) log (SCR+1) | 0.09 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.1) | t19 = 1.3 | 0.20 |
Skin conductance level | 0.94 (0.2) | 0.85 (0.2) | 0.83 (0.2) | t19 = 1.2 | 0.23 |
Declarative knowledge | |||||
CS+ contingency awareness | 67 (23) | 51 (29) | 49 (9.2) | t19 = 1.6 | 0.13 |
CS− contingency awareness | 17 (22) | 29 (27) | 9 (17) | t19 = 1.1 | 0.30 |
BPD = borderline personality disorder; BPD D+ = borderline personality disorder, dissociative subgroup; BPD D− = borderline personality disorder, nondissociative subgroup; CS = conditioned stimulus; CS+ = positive conditioned stimulus; CS− = negative conditioned stimulus; DES = Dissociative Experiences Scale;25 DSS = Dissociation-Tension-Scale acute;24 PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SCR = skin conductance response; SD = standard deviation; US = unconditioned stimulus.
Unless indicated otherwise.
Fisher exact test.
Measured on a 6-point Likert scale: 1 = pleasant, 6 = unpleasant.
Measured on a 6-point Likert scale: 1 = relaxed, 6 = excited.