Table 1 Unadjusted continuous and categorical variables and their comparisons.
| Continuous variables | IUGR n = 41 Mean (95% CI) | Control n = 3 Mean (95% CI) | Difference of means (95% CI) | Probability value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestation (weeks) | 38.98 (38.56 to 39.40) | 39.18 (38.86 to 39.49) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | 0.45 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 2.56 (2.43 to 2.69) | 3.53 (3.36 to 3.69) | −1.0 (−1.2 to −0.8) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight z score | −2.1 (−2.3 to −1.8) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | −2.2 (−2.6 to −1.8) | <0.001 |
| Placental weight (g)* | 488 (448 to 528) | 631 (583 to 679) | −143 (−203 to −82) | <0.001 |
| Breast feeding duration (weeks) | 4.2 (1.9 to 6.5) | 10.5 (7.9 to 13) | −6.3 (−9.7 to −2.8) | 0.001 |
| Maternal height (cm)† | 161.8 (159.2 to 164.4) | 161.7 (158.9 to 164.4) | 0.2 (−3.6 to 3.9) | 0.93 |
| Paternal height (cm)† | 175.0 (172.5 to 177.6) | 178.2 (176.3 to 180.1) | −3.2 (−6.3 to 0.03) | 0.052 |
| Current IMD score‡ | 21.2 (15.9 to 26.5) | 12.9 (9.1 to 16.8) | 8.3 (1.6 to 14.9) | 0.02 |
| Current age (years) | 9.36 (9.12 to 9.54) | 8.96 (8.78 to 9.23) | 0.4 (0.09 to 0.7) | 0.01 |
| Final weight (kg) | 28.32 (26.78 to 30.46) | 32.64 (30.48 to 34.80) | −3.8 (−6.5 to −1.1) | 0.007 |
| Final weight z score | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | −1 (−1.5 to −0.5) | <0.001 |
| Change in weight (kg) | 26.26 (24.49 to 28.03) | 29.53 (26.95 to 31.27) | −2.9 (−5.6 to −0.1) | 0.04 |
| Change in weight z score | 1.7 (1.3 to 2) | 0.5 (0.1 to 1) | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Final height (cm) | 131.4 (129.3 to 133.4) | 133.8 (132 to 135.5) | −2.4 (−5.1 to 0.3) | 0.08 |
| Final height z score | −0.6 (−0.9 to −0.3) | 0.16 (−0.1 to 0.5) | −0.8 (−1.2 to −0.4) | 0.001 |
| Final BMI | 16.63 (15.83 to 17.42) | 18.11 (17.22 to 19) | −1.5 (−2.7 to −0.3) | 0.01 |
| Final BMI z score | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.1) | −0.8 (−1.3 to −0.3) | 0.002 |
| Categorical variables | IUGR n = 41 Number (%) | Control n = 34 Number (%) | Probability value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.12 | |||
| Male | 19 (46) | 22 (64) | ||
| Female | 22 (54) | 12 (36) | ||
| Breast fed | 19 (46) | 25 (74) | 0.02 | |
| Maternal smoking in pregnancy | 16 (39) | 9 (27) | 0.25 | |
| Current smoking | 21 (51) | 12 (35) | 0.17 | |
| Major medical problem | 12 (29) | 4 (12) | 0.07 | |
| Currently on medication | 11 (27) | 4 (12) | 0.16 | |
| Normal development | 37 (90) | 34 (100) | 0.11 | |
| Mainstream schooling | 40 (97) | 34 (100) | 0.36 |
Probability values were derived from t tests for continuous variables and from χ2 tests for categorical variables.
*Placental weights were available for 35 children in the intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) group and for 32 children in the control group.
†Maternal and paternal heights were available for 39 children in the IUGR group.
‡Index of multiple deprivation (IMD) score is a measurement of socioeconomic deprivation which is inversely related to deprivation.