Table 3 Perinatal outcome by study group. Values are n (%).

	Non‐SGA both	SGA population only	SGA customised only	SGA both	p Value
					Intermediate groups	All groups
Elective CS‡	679 (5.9)	20 (9.9)	47 (8.5)	141 (10.9)	0.54*	<0.001*
Emergent CS for distress¶	304 (26)	6 (3)	24 (4.4)	84 (6.6)	0.4*	<0.001*
Metabolic acidosis§	54 (0.5)	1 (0.5)	9 (1.7)	19 (1.5)	0.3†	<0.001*
Five‐minute Apgar <7‡	71 (0.6)	2 (1)	4 (0.7)	17 (1.3)	0.66†	0.035*
Perinatal death	65 (0.6)	2 (1)	10 (1.8)	22 (1.7)	0.74†	<0.001*
OR (95% CI)	–	1.8 (0.4 to 7.2)	3.2 (1.6 to 6.2)	3 (1.9 to 4.9)
Stillborns	51 (0.4)	2 (1)	10 (1.8)	17 (1.3)	0.74†	<0.001*
Neonatal death‡	14 (0.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	5 (0.4)	–	0.071*
Neurological morbidity‡	72 (0.6)	2 (1)	11 (2)	17 (1.3)	0.53†	<0.001*
OR (95% CI)		1.6 (0.4 to 6.5)	3.2 (1.7 to 6.1)	2.1 (1.3 to 3.6)
Seizures‡	20 (0.2)	1 (0.5)	2 (0.4)	5 (0.4)	1†	0.25*
Intraventricular haemorrhage‡	13 (0.1)	1 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	6 (0.5)	0.46†	0.012*
Periventricular leucomalacia‡	3 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.2)	0 (0)	1†	0.2*
Hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy‡	37 (0.3)	0 (0)	2 (0.4)	8 (0.6)	1†	0.29*
Abnormal electroencephalogram‡	45 (0.4)	1 (0.5)	6 (1.1)	7 (0.5)	0.68†	0.1*
Non‐neurological morbidity‡	53 (0.5)	1 (0.5)	20 (3.6)	17 (1.3)	0.02*	<0.001*
OR (95% CI)	–	1.1 (0.1 to 7.8)	8 (4.8 to 13.6)	2.9 (1.7 to 5)
Prolonged NICU stay‡	46 (0.4)	1 (0.5)	17 (3.1)	16 (1.2)	0.05†	<0.001*
Hypoglycaemia‡	112 (1)	0 (0)	14 (2.5)	42 (3.3)	0.03†	<0.001*
Necrotising enterocolitis‡	4 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.2)	2 (0.2)	1†	0.16*
Acute renal or cardiac failure‡	13 (0.1)	0 (0)	2 (0.4)	3 (0.2)	1†	0.29*

CS, caesarean section; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; SGA, small for gestational age.

*Pearson‐χ²; †exact Fisher's test.

‡Stillborns excluded; ¶Stillborns and cases with elective caesarean section excluded; §Stillborns and cases with unavailable umbilical cord sample at birth excluded (n = 528).