Table 2:
Survey of machine learning methods used in cancer prediction showing the types of cancer, clinical endpoints, choice of algorithm, performance and type of training data.
| Cancer Type | Clinical Endpoint | Machine Learning Algorithm | Benchmark | Improvement (%) | Training Data | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bladder | recurrence | fuzzy logic | statistics | 16 | mixed | Catto et al, 2003 |
| bladder | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Fujikawa et al, 2003 |
| bladder | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Ji et al, 2003 |
| bladder | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Spyridonos et al, 2002 |
| brain | survivability | ANN | statistics | N/A | genomic | Wei et al, 2004 |
| breast | recurrence | clustering | statistics | N/A | mixed | Dai et al, 2005 |
| breast | survivability | decision tree | statistics | 4 | clinical | Delen et al, 2005 |
| breast | susceptibility | SVM | random | 19 | genomic | Listgarten et al, 2004 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Mattfeldt et al, 2004 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | mixed | Ripley et al, 2004 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 1 | clinical | Jerez-Aragones et al, 2003 |
| breast | survivability | ANN | statistics | N/A | clinical | Lisboa et al, 2003 |
| breast | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | proteomic | Mian et al, 2003 |
| breast | survivability | clustering | statistics | 0 | clinical | Seker et al, 2003 |
| breast | survivability | fuzzy logic | statistics | N/A | proteomic | Seker et al, 2002 |
| breast | survivability | SVM | N/A | N/A | clinical | Lee et al, 2000 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | expert | 5 | mixed | De Laurentiis et al, 1999 |
| breast | survivability | ANN | statistics | 1 | clinical | Lundin et al, 1999 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 23 | mixed | Marchevsky et al, 1999 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Naguib et al, 1999 |
| breast | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Street, 1998 |
| breast | survivability | ANN | expert | 5 | clinical | Burke et al, 1997 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | statistics | N/A | mixed | Mariani et al, 1997 |
| breast | recurrence | ANN | expert | 10 | clinical | Naguib et al, 1997 |
| cervical | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | mixed | Ochi et al, 2002 |
| colorectal | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 12 | clinical | Grumett et al, 2003 |
| colorectal | survivability | ANN | statistics | 9 | clinical | Snow et al, 2001 |
| colorectal | survivability | clustering | N/A | N/A | clinical | Hamilton et al, 1999 |
| colorectal | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 9 | mixed | Singson et al, 1999 |
| colorectal | survivability | ANN | expert | 11 | clinical | Bottaci et al, 1997 |
| esophageal | treatment response | SVM | N/A | N/A | proteomic | Hayashida et al, 2005 |
| esophageal | survivability | ANN | statistics | 3 | clinical | Sato et al, 2005 |
| leukemia | recurrence | decision tree | N/A | N/A | proteomic | Masic et al, 1998 |
| liver | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 25 | genomic | Rodriguez-Luna et al, 2005 |
| liver | recurrence | SVM | N/A | N/A | genomic | Iizuka et al, 2003 |
| liver | susceptibility | ANN | statistics | –2 | clinical | Kim et al, 2003 |
| liver | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Hamamoto et al, 1995 |
| lung | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Santos-Garcia et al, 2004 |
| lung | survivability | ANN | statistics | 9 | mixed | Hanai et al, 2003 |
| lung | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | mixed | Hsia et al, 2003 |
| lung | survivability | ANN | statistics | N/A | mixed | Marchevsky et al, 1998 |
| lung | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Jefferson et al, 1997 |
| lymphoma | survivability | ANN | statistics | 22 | genomic | Ando et al, 2003 |
| lymphoma | survivability | ANN | expert | 10 | mixed | Futschik et al, 2003 |
| lymphoma | survivability | ANN | N/A | N/A | genomic | O’Neill and Song, 2003 |
| lymphoma | survivability | ANN | expert | N/A | genomic | Ando et al, 2002 |
| lymphoma | survivability | clustering | N/A | N/A | genomic | Shipp et al, 2002 |
| head/neck | survivability | ANN | statistics | 11 | clinical | Bryce et al, 1998 |
| neck | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Drago et al, 2002 |
| ocular | survivability | SVM | N/A | N/A | genomic | Ehlers and Harbour, 2005 |
| osteosarcoma | treatment response | SVM | N/A | N/A | genomic | Man et al, 2005 |
| pleural mesothelioma | survivability | clustering | N/A | N/A | genomic | Pass et al, 2004 |
| prostate | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | mixed | Michael et al, 2005 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 0 | clinical | Porter et al, 2005 |
| prostate | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Gulliford et al, 2004 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 16 | mixed | Poulakis et al, 2004a |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 11 | mixed | Poulakis et al, 2004b |
| prostate | recurrence | SVM | statistics | 6 | clinical | Teverovskiy et al, 2004 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 0 | clinical | Kattan, 2003 |
| prostate | recurrence | genetic algorithm | N/A | N/A | mixed | Tewari et al, 2001 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 0 | clinical | Ziada et al, 2001 |
| prostate | susceptibility | decision tree | N/A | N/A | clinical | Crawford et al, 2000 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 13 | clinical | Han et al, 2000 |
| prostate | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | proteomic | Murphy et al, 2000 |
| prostate | recurrence | naïve Bayes | statistics | 1 | clinical | Zupan et al, 2000 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Mattfeldt et al, 1999 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 17 | clinical | Potter et al, 1999 |
| prostate | recurrence | ANN | N/A | N/A | mixed | Naguib et al, 1998 |
| skin | survivability | ANN | expert | 14 | clinical | Kaiserman et al, 2005 |
| skin | recurrence | ANN | expert | 27 | proteomic | Mian et al, 2005 |
| skin | survivability | ANN | expert | 0 | clinical | Taktak et al, 2004 |
| skin | survivability | genetic algorithm | N/A | N/A | clinical | Sierra and Larranga, 1998 |
| stomach | recurrence | ANN | expert | 28 | clinical | Bollschweiler et al, 2004 |
| throat | recurrence | fuzzy logic | N/A | N/A | clinical | Nagata et al, 2005 |
| throat | recurrence | ANN | statistics | 0 | genomic | Kan et al, 2004 |
| throat | survivability | decision tree | statistics | N/A | proteomic | Seiwerth et al, 2000 |
| thoracic | treatment response | ANN | N/A | N/A | clinical | Su et al, 2005 |
| thyroid | survivability | decision tree | statistics | N/A | clinical | Kukar et al, 1997 |
| tropho- | survivability | genetic algorithm | N/A | N/A | clinical | Marvin et al, blastic 1999 |