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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Pathol. 2008 Apr 25;36(3):428–439. doi: 10.1177/0192623308315360

Table 2.

Route of Administration of NTP Chemicals Associated with Primary Lung Tumor Induction in Rats and/or Mice

Lung tumor induction
Routea Nb Percentage (%)
Inhalation 23 35
Gavage 23 35
Dosed feed 12 18
Dosed water 4 6
Topical 2 3
Intraperitoneal 1 1
In utero 1 1
a

Data for 66 reports showing “clear,” “positive,” or “some” evidence of pulmonary carcinogenicity.

b

N = number of studies