Figure 13.

Biochemical pathways implicated in the responses to ECS, based on statistically significant increases in gene expression (colored rectangle or oval labels) in the rodent hippocampus and/or frontal cortex following chronic ECS (Altar et al, 2005). GLUR1 and PGD synthase were decreased by ECS. Also reported by other groups in response to ECS, these genes included those within neurotrophic signaling pathways, including those for BDNF/MAP kinase, cAMP, and arachidonic acid signaling.