SDS–PAGE analysis of AlgE refolding and purification. Samples loaded on the gel were not boiled unless otherwise indicated. (a) Lane M, molecular-weight markers (kDa); lane 1, purified urea-solubilized AlgE after Ni-affinity chromatography; lane 2, AlgE after refolding in buffer containing decyl β-d-maltopyranoside; lane 3, refolded AlgE after digestion with 500:1(w:w) trypsin overnight at room temperature (295 K). (b) Lane M, molecular-weight markers (kDa); lane 1, refolded AlgE after size-exclusion chromatography; lane 2, as lane 1 except boiled for 5 min prior to SDS–PAGE analysis. Unfolded and folded forms of AlgE are designated U and F, respectively.