Table II.
Distribution of demographic characteristics in the cases and controls, Los Angeles HCC Study
| Cases (n = 120) | Controls (n = 230) | Two-sided P | |
| Age (standard deviation) | 60.5 (10.3) | 59.5 (10.7) | 0.41 |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Males | 82 (68.3) | 139 (60.4) | 0.15 |
| Females | 38 (31.7) | 91 (39.6) | |
| Race (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic whites | 71 (59.2) | 184 (80.0) | 0.0001 |
| Hispanic Americans | 40 (33.3) | 34 (14.8) | |
| African-Americans | 9 (7.5) | 12 (5.2) | |
| Level of education (%) | |||
| Below high school | 23 (19.2) | 17 (7.4) | 0.0005 |
| High school graduates | 33 (27.5) | 52 (22.6) | |
| Some college/occupational school | 41 (34.2) | 78 (33.9) | |
| College graduates or above | 23 (19.2) | 83 (36.1) | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | |||
| Never or long-term ex-smokersa | 70 (58.3) | 165 (71.7) | 0.01 |
| Current or recent ex-smokersa | 50 (41.7) | 65 (28.3) | |
| <20 cigarettes/day | 15 (12.5) | 27 (11.8) | |
| ≥20 cigarettes/day | 35 (29.2) | 38 (16.5) | |
| No. of alcoholic drinks per day (%) | |||
| Non-drinkers | 35 (29.2) | 76 (33.0) | <0.0001 |
| <3 | 30 (25.0) | 113 (49.1) | |
| ≥3 | 55 (45.8) | 41 (17.8) | |
| Hepatitis B serology (%) | |||
| Negative | 85 (70.8) | 203 (88.3) | <0.0001 |
| HBsAg or anti-HBc positive | 35 (29.2) | 27 (11.7) | |
| Hepatitis C serology (%) | |||
| Anti-HCV negative | 62 (51.7) | 229 (99.6) | <0.0001 |
| Anti-HCV positive | 58 (48.3) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Hepatitis B/C serology (%) | |||
| Both negative | 55 (45.8) | 203 (88.3) | <0.0001 |
| Either positive | 65 (54.2) | 27 (11.7) | |
| History of diabetes (%) | |||
| No | 94 (78.3) | 207 (90.0) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 26 (21.7) | 23 (10.0) |
HbsAG, hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HBc, antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen.
a
Long-term ex-smokers were those who quit smoking ≥10 years age. Recent ex-smokers were those who quit smoking <10 years ago.