Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics in Patients with Heart Failure and Normal Control Subjects
OSA (n = 8) | CSA (n = 9) | NoSA (n = 7) | NC (n = 9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 58 ± 2 | 60 ± 3 | 58 ± 4 | 50 ± 2 |
Sex, M/F | 7/1 | 7/2 | 2/5c | 5/4 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27 ± 1 | 26 ± 1 | 26 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 |
Abdominal circumference, cm | 92 ± 3 | 93 ± 3 | 89 ± 3 | 86 ± 3 |
Neck circumference, cm | 40 ± 2,a | 37 ± 1 | 35 ± 1 | 35 ± 1 |
HF etiology, No. | ||||
Id/Isch/Hyp | 1/3/4 | 1/4/4 | 4/0/3 | |
NYHA Functional Class | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.0 | |
Medications, No. (%) | ||||
β-blocker | 8 (100) | 9 (100) | 7 (100) | |
ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 8 (100) | 9 (100) | 7 (100) | |
Digoxin | 6 (75) | 2 (22) | 3 (43) | |
Diuretics | 6 (75) | 8 (89) | 5 (71) | |
LVEF, % | 33 ± 2,b | 30 ± 3,b | 30 ± 4b | 64 ± 2 |
Heart Rate, beats/min | 66 ± 3 | 63 ± 3 | 63 ± 2 | 63 ± 3 |
SBP, mmHg | 117 ± 5 | 115 ± 8 | 118 ± 10 | 118 ± 6 |
DBP, mmHg | 69 ± 4 | 60 ± 4 | 62 ± 4 | 64 ± 4 |
Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 18 ± 1b | 16 ± 1b | 17 ± 1b | 26 ± 3 |
FBF, mL/min/100 mL | 1.7 ± 0.2b | 1.5 ± 0.1b | 1.6 ± 0.1b | 2.5 ± 0.3 |
FVC, units | 2.0 ± 0.3b | 1.9 ± 0.1b | 2.0 ± 0.2b | 3.1 ± 0.4 |
MSNA, bursts/min | 60 ± 3b | 51 ± 2b | 37 ± 4b,c | 20 ± 4 |
MSNA, bursts/100 heart beats | 91 ± 3b | 81 ± 3b | 60 ± 5b,c | 32 ± 5 |
OSA refers to patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea; CSA, patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea; NoSA, patients with heart failure and without sleep apnea; NC, normal, healthy control subjects; Id, idiopathic; Isch, ischemic; Hyp, hypertensive; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, heart failure etiology, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class, medications, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among groups. Sex was significantly different among groups. Neck circumference was significantly greater in OSA compared with control subjects and NoSA. Left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), peak VO2, forearm blood flow (FBF), and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were lower in patients with heart failure than in NC. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was higher in patients with heart failure when compared with NC. Quality of life was not significantly different among HF patient groups.
vs NC and NoSA, P < 0.05;
vs NC, P < 0.001;
vs OSA and CSA, P < 0.05. One-way analysis of variance. Sex, etiology, and medication use were tested by χ2 test.