Table 3.
Sleep Problems and Sleep Disorders by Adolescents with Persistent ADHD, Adolescents with Subthreshold ADHD, and Unaffected Control Subjects
| Sleep Problems | Persistent ADHD n (%) |
Subthreshold ADHD n (%) |
Control subjects n (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent ADHD vs Control subjects |
Subthreshold ADHD vs Control subjects |
Persistent ADHD vs Subthreshold ADHD |
||||
| Symptoms | (n = 145) | (n = 136) | (n = 185) | |||
| Early insomnia | 38 (26.2) | 31 (22.8) | 22 (11.9) | 2.6 (1.5-4.7)b | 2.2 (1.2-4.0)a | 1.2 (0.7-2.1) |
| Middle insomnia | 19 (13.1) | 16 (11.8) | 8 (4.3) | 3.3 (1.4-7.9)b | 3.0 (1.2-7.1)a | 1.1 (0.6-2.3) |
| Hypersomnia | 3 (2.1) | 7 (5.2) | 1 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.4-37.8) | 10.0 (1.2-82.1)a | 0.4 (0.1-1.5) |
| Sleep-Wake Schedule | 3 (2.1) | 6 (4.4) | 2 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.3-11.7) | 4.2 (0.8-21.3) | 0.5 (0.1-1.9) |
| Sleep Terror† | 17 (11.7) | 15 (11.0) | 6 (3.3) | 3.9 (1.5-10.3)b | 3.7 (1.4-9.8)b | 1.1 (0.5-2.2) |
| Sleepwalking† | 21 (14.5) | 18 (13.2) | 19 (10.3) | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6) | 1.1 (0.6-2.2) |
| Sleep-talking† | 96 (66.2) | 67 (49.3) | 75 (40.8) | 2.9 (1.8-4.5)d | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | 2.0 (1.3-3.3)b |
| Nightmare | 32 (22.1) | 34 (25.0) | 28 (15.1) | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | 1.9 (1.1-3.3)a | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
| Bruxism† | 74 (51.0) | 54 (39.7) | 36 (19.6) | 4.3 (2.6-7.0)d | 2.7 (1.6-4.5)d | 1.6 (1.0-2.5) |
| Snoring† | 84 (57.9) | 59 (43.4) | 52 (28.3) | 3.5 (2.2-5.5)d | 2.0 (1.2-3.1)b | 1.8 (1.1-2.9)b |
| Current Sleep Disorders | ||||||
| Primary Insomnia | 27 (18.8) | 22 (16.4) | 13 (7.0) | 3.1 (1.5-6.2)b | 2.6 (1.3-5.4)b | 1.2 (0.6-2.2) |
| Primary Hypersomnia | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0.083* | 0.422* | 2.9 (0.3-27.8) |
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.2) | 1 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.1-20.8) | 4.2 (0.4-40.7) | 0.3 (0.1-3.0) |
| Sleep Terror Disorder† | 4 (2.8) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 0.036* | 0.031* | 0.9 (0.2-3.8) |
| Sleepwalking Disorder† | 5 (3.5) | 7 (5.2) | 2 (1.1) | 3.3 (0.6-17.1) | 5.0 (1.0-24.5) | 0.7 (0.2-2.1) |
| Nightmare Disorder | 15 (10.4) | 15 (11.1) | 10 (5.4) | 2.0 (0.9-4.7) | 2.2 (1.0-5.0) | 0.9 (0.4-2.0) |
| Lifetime Sleep Disorders | ||||||
| Primary Insomnia | 32 (22.2) | 25 (18.5) | 19 (10.3) | 2.5 (1.4-4.6)b | 2.0 (1.0-3.8)a | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) |
| Primary Hypersomnia | 3 (2.1) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 0.083* | 0.031* | 0.7 (0.2-3.2) |
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder | 2 (1.4) | 5 (3.7) | 1 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.2-28.9) | 7.1 (0.8-61.3) | 0.4 (0.1-1.9) |
| Sleep Terror Disorder† | 16 (11.0) | 15 (11.1) | 10 (5.4) | 2.2 (1.0-4.9) | 2.2 (1.0-5.0) | 1.0 (0.5-2.1) |
| Sleepwalking Disorder† | 25 (17.2) | 18 (13.3) | 17 (9.2) | 2.1 (1.1-4.0) | 1.5 (0.8-3.1) | 1.4 (0.7-2.6) |
| Nightmare Disorder | 32 (22.2) | 34 (25.2) | 29 (15.7) | 1.5 (0.9-2.7) | 1.8 (1.0-3.2)a | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) |
ADHD refers to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
*
Fisher exact P value.
†
Presence of a sleep disorder decided by either positive response by youth or mother report at the psychiatric interview.
P value: a for P < 0.05, b for P < 0.01, c for P < 0.001, d for P < 0.0001