Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables
| Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Functioning | |||||
| Parental Involvement (A) | 22.70 | 5.29 | 0 to 32 | -0.85 | 2.04 |
| Positive Parenting (A) | 17.88 | 6.05 | 0 to 27 | -0.90 | 0.56 |
| Parent-Adolescent | 66.38 | 14.61 | 28 to 100 | -0.15 | -0.25 |
| Communication (A) | |||||
| Family Cohesion (A) | 17.21 | 3.89 | 6 to 24 | -0.32 | -0.20 |
| Family Support (A) | 16.06 | 3.40 | 6 to 24 | -0.21 | 0.12 |
| Parental Involvement (P) | 58.62 | 6.94 | 22 to 70 | -1.20 | 2.99 |
| Positive Parenting (P) | 20.61 | 2.99 | 10 to 25 | -0.80 | 0.65 |
| Parent-Adolescent | 70.02 | 10.50 | 43 to 98 | 0.30 | -0.04 |
| Communication (P) | |||||
| Family Cohesion (P) | 18.39 | 3.29 | 6 to 24 | -0.72 | 1.13 |
| Family Support (P) | 16.91 | 3.61 | 7 to 24 | -0.55 | -0.19 |
| School Functioning | |||||
| Bonding to School | 21.39 | 5.67 | 8 to 32 | -0.02 | -0.68 |
| Classmate Support | 19.60 | 3.92 | 5 to 25 | -0.67 | 0.25 |
| Teacher Support | 16.13 | 3.19 | 8 to 22 | -0.39 | -0.37 |
| Identity | |||||
| Personal Identity Coherence | 24.20 | 4.52 | 6 to 30 | -0.80 | 0.76 |
| Personal Identity Confusion | 16.47 | 5.12 | 6 to 30 | -0.08 | -0.27 |
| Ethnic Identity | 41.40 | 9.71 | 12 to 60 | -0.40 | 0.25 |
| Conduct Problems | |||||
| Aggressive Behavior (A) | 7.52 | 5.77 | 0 to 27 | 0.71 | -0.16 |
| Rule Breaking Behavior (A) | 5.40 | 4.61 | 0 to 20 | 0.96 | 0.47 |
| Attention Problems (A) | 5.61 | 3.78 | 0 to 17 | 0.34 | -0.71 |
| Conduct Disorder (P) | 15.45 | 11.07 | 0 to 44 | 0.71 | -0.28 |
| Socialized Aggression (P) | 5.24 | 5.92 | 0 to 29 | 1.60 | 2.23 |
| Attention Problems (P) | 12.69 | 8.43 | 0 to 32 | 0.59 | -0.54 |
Note: A = adolescent report; P = parent report.