a, b, VEC and siAtg5 cells cultured with oleate (OL) or in MCDM were examined for their rates of TG synthesis (a) and β-oxidation (b) as compared to cells in regular medium alone (*P < 0.03, **P < 0.004 with VEC cells in the same medium, n = 3–4). c, d, Rates of TG decay in OL (c) and MCDM (d) (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 as compared to VEC cells, n = 3–7). e, TG levels in wild-type cells treated with dimethyl sulphoxide vehicle (DMSO), 3-methyladenine (3MA) or diethylumbelliferyl phosphate (DEUP) (*P < 0.00001 with DMSO-treated cells, #P < 0.003 with 3MA-treated cells, n = 6). Error bars, s.e.m. f, Co-localization of BODIPY 493/503 (green) with LAMP1 (red) or LC3 (red) in hepatocytes in MCDM. g, High-magnification regions of hepatocytes in MCDM alone (none) or treated with vinblastine and stained as labelled. Arrows indicate co-localization.