Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations.
| Controls | Patients with heart disease | Patients with diabetes | |||
| CAD | Valvular Heart Disease | No Retinopathy | Retinopathy | ||
| n = 1527 | n = 487 | n = 111 | n = 78 | n = 149 | |
| Mean (SD*) age (years) | 51.5 (6.1) | 63.4 (11.3) | 64.9 (12.9) | 76.9 (9.8) | 71.1 (11.2) |
| Male (%) | 64.7 | 76.4 | 54.1 | 47.4 | 36.9 |
| Mean (SD*) BMI† (kg/m2) | 26.6 (4.1) | 27.3 (3.7) | 26.3 (4.5) | 27.5 (4.5) | 27.7 (5.3) |
| History of myocardial infarction (%) | 0 | 50.5 | 0 | 7.7 | 14.8 |
| Diagnosis of diabetes (%) | 0 | 25.5 | 16.2 | 100 | 100 |
| Hypertension (%) | 13.7 | 67.6 | 59.5 | 75.6 | 71.8 |
| Nonsmoker (%) | 65.3 | 48.7 | 72.4 | n.a.‡ | n.a.‡ |
| Former smoker (%) | 13.5 | 37.5 | 14.3 | n.a.‡ | n.a.‡ |
| Current smoker (%) | 21.2 | 13.8 | 13.3 | n.a.‡ | n.a.‡ |
*SD: standard deviation; †BMI: body mass index;‡n.a. = not available.