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Apically applied purified EPEC flagella are sufficient to increase IL-8 protein expression in duodenal tissue. Matched biopsies from individual patients (n=11) were inoculated apically with purified EPEC flagella (10 μg/ml), wt EPEC or left uninfected (NI). IL-8 tissue protein levels were determined after 6 h pIVOC and expressed relative to amounts of total protein. Medians are indicated by a line. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 vs NI control.
