Table 2.
6-, 8-, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from the raw data. AUC was determined by the trapezoid rule, and t1/2 by means of linear interpolation
| Dose = 1000 mg (N = 6) | Dose = 1500 mg (N = 3) | Dose = 2000 mg (N = 8) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-Gingerol | Mean±S.D. | (Min, Max) | Mean±S.D. | (Min, Max) | Mean±S.D. | (Min, Max) |
| AUC§ | 12.6 (6.4) | (3.6, 20.5) | 75.6 (110.3) | (8.6, 203.0) | 65.6 (44.4) | (10.5, 162.6) |
| Cmax§ | 0.4 (0.2) | (0.2, 0.7) | 1.69 (2.31) | (0.20, 4.36) | 0.85 (0.43) | (0.19, 1.56) |
| t1/2† | 110.0 (34.9) | (86.6, 186.0) | ||||
| tmax† | 55.0 (7.7) | (45.0, 60.0) | 60.0 (0.0) | (60.0, 60.0) | 65.6 (22.6) | (45.0, 120.0) |
| 8-Gingerol | ||||||
| AUC | 2.1 (2.2) | (0, 4.5) | 2.6 (2.0) | (1.1, 4.9) | 18.1(20.3) | (2.8, 65.2) |
| Cmax | 0.1 (0.1) | (0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.1) | (0.03, 0.13) | 0.23 (0.16) | (0.06, 0.50) |
| t1/2 | 113.5 (41.1) | (90.0, 180.0) | ||||
| tmax* | 52.5 (8.7) | (45.0, 60.0) | 60.0 (0.0) | (60.0, 60.0) | 73.1 (29.4) | (45.0, 120.0) |
| 10-gingerol | ||||||
| AUC | 2.9 (3.2) | (0, 7.9) | 7.7 (5.3) | (3.7, 13.7) | 50.1 (49.3) | (4.2, 156.9) |
| Cmax | 0.1 (0.1) | (0, 0.4) | 0.1 (0.02) | (0.08, 0.12) | 0.53 (0.4) | (0.11, 1.33) |
| t1/2 | 128.7 (38..8) | (90.0, 182.7) | ||||
| tmax* | 60.0 (0.0) | (60.0, 60.0) | 80.0 (34.6) | (60.0, 120.0) | 75.0 (27.8) | (60.0, 120.0) |
| 6-Shogaol | ||||||
| AUC | 0.8 (1.5) | (0, 3.7) | 1.6 (2.8) | (0, 4.9) | 10.9 (13.0) | (1.7, 40.3) |
| Cmax | 0.1 (0.1) | (0, 0.1) | 0.04 (0.08) | (0, 0.13) | 0.15 (0.12) | (0.02, 0.34) |
| t1/2 | 120.4 (42.0) | (85.9, 180.0) | ||||
| tmax* | 55.0 (8.7) | (45.0, 60.0) | 60.0 (0.0) | (60.0, 60.0) | 65.6 (22.6) | (45.0, 120.0) |
*
These results are based on detectable free gingerols and shogaols after incubation with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase and thus represent combined conjugates.
†
T½ and tmax is recorded in minutes
§
Cmax and AUCare recorded as μg/mL