Table 4.
Odds Ratios (OR) of Lifetime DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder and Other Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders by Sex.
| Psychiatric Disorder | Odds Ratios Controlled for Sociodemographic Characteristics |
Odds Ratios Controlled for Sociodemographic Characteristics and Other Psychiatric Disorders |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total OR† (99% CI‡) | Men OR (99% CI) | Women OR (99% CI) | Total OR (99% CI) | Men OR (99% CI) | Women OR (99% CI) | |
| Any substance use disorder | 3.2 (2.73–3.79) | 3.0 (2.26–3.96) | 3.3 (2.69–4.07) | 1.7 (1.43–2.02) | 1.7 (1.25–2.24) | 1.7 (1.34–2.1) |
| Any substance abuse | 1.7 (1.46–2.03) | 1.6 (1.23–2.00) | 1.9 (1.51–2.32) | 1.2 (0.96–1.39) | 1.2 (0.88–1.57) | 1.1 (0.87–1.45) |
| Any substance dependence | 4.2 (3.59–5.01) | 4.0 (3.11–5.15) | 4.5 (3.63–5.63) | 1.7 (1.43–2.12) | 1.8 (1.30–2.38) | 1.7 (1.32–2.27) |
| Any alcohol use disorder | 2.7 (2.33–3.16) | 2.7 (2.07–3.45) | 2.7 (2.21–3.33) | 1.2 (1.00–1.48) | 1.3 (0.96–1.74) | 1.1 (0.86–1.45) |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.8 (0.64–1.00) | 0.7 (0.50–0.93) | 0.9 (0.71–1.22) | 0.9 (0.73–1.18) | 1.0 (0.68–1.38) | 0.8 (0.62–1.15) |
| Alcohol dependence | 3.9 (3.33–4.64) | 3.8 (2.91–4.86) | 4.2 (3.31–5.26) | 1.5 (1.17–1.86) | 1.5 (1.09–2.16) | 1.4 (1.02–1.96) |
| Any drug use disorder | 4.0 (3.30–4.72) | 3.7 (2.85–4.86) | 4.2 (3.27–5.50) | 1.5 (1.22–1.96) | 1.4 (1.01–1.99) | 1.7 (1.25–2.42) |
| Any drug abuse | 3.1 (2.51–3.74) | 2.9 (2.22–3.88) | 3.3 (2.50–4.29) | 1.4 (1.09–1.77) | 1.3 (0.94–1.81) | 1.5 (1.11–2.14) |
| Any drug dependence | 6.1 (4.66–7.93) | 6.0 (4.15–8.54) | 6.3 (4.30–9.23) | 1.4 (1.00–1.96) | 1.4 (0.94–2.21) | 1.4 (0.86–2.21) |
| Nicotine dependence | 2.8 (2.37–3.26) | 2.6 (2.08–3.32) | 2.9 (2.33–3.54) | 1.3 (1.05–1.55) | 1.2 (0.88–1.61) | 1.3 (1.04–1.71) |
| Any mood disorder | 9.1 (7.71–10.78) | 9.0 (7.02–11.48) | 9.3 (7.27–11.87) | 3.5 (2.89–4.19) | 3.4 (2.56–4.57) | 3.6 (2.75–4.63) |
| Major depressive disorder | 2.5 (2.07–2.90) | 3.0 (2.27–3.89) | 2.1 (1.72–2.66) | 1.7 (1.40–2.09) | 2.0 (1.46–2.68) | 1.6 (1.23–2.00) |
| Dysthymia | 3.2 (2.51–4.16) | 3.3 (2.04–5.45) | 3.2 (2.45–4.27) | 1.1 (0.85–1.53) | 1.1 (0.65–1.99) | 1.1 (0.81–1.60) |
| Bipolar I | 9.9 (8.11–12.01) | 10.3 (7.41–14.33) | 9.6 (7.57–12.14) | 5.7 (4.41–7.25) | 5.2 (3.48–7.61) | 6.2 (4.54–8.56) |
| Bipolar II | 4.3 (3.00–6.03) | 4.6 (2.81–7.37) | 4.1 (2.59–6.43) | 4.3 (2.85–6.40) | 4.3 (2.32–7.94) | 4.4 (2.56–7.42) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 7.7 (6.51–9.19) | 7.8 (6.09–9.99) | 7.7 (6.13–9.69) | 2.7 (2.22–3.35) | 2.8 (2.12–3.79) | 2.6 (2.01–3.40) |
| Panic with agoraphobia | 8.4 (6.26–11.18) | 9.1 (5.38–15.53) | 8.1 (5.74–11.34) | 1.8 (1.31–2.46) | 1.7 (0.89–3.15) | 1.9 (1.28–2.73) |
| Panic without agoraphobia | 4.0 (3.25–4.85) | 5.7 (4.15–7.77) | 3.3 (2.53–4.16) | 1.4 (1.08–1.77) | 1.8 (1.19–2.82) | 1.2 (0.88–1.61) |
| Social phobia | 6.2 (5.24–7.41) | 6.2 (4.60–8.24) | 6.3 (5.01–7.88) | 1.7 (1.35–2.04) | 1.6 (1.09–2.28) | 1.7 (1.32–2.21) |
| Specific phobia | 3.8 (2.97–4.09) | 3.2 (2.48–4.22) | 3.7 (3.03–4.43) | 1.2 (0.99–1.44) | 1.1 (0.77–1.44) | 1.3 (1.07–1.64) |
| Generalized anxiety | 8.3 (6.95–9.85) | 9.2 (6.74–12.42) | 7.8 (6.34–9.63) | 2.3 (1.88–2.82) | 2.4 (1.67–3.36) | 2.3 (1.76–2.90) |
| Post-traumatic stress | 7.3 (6.11–8.65) | 8.0 (6.08–10.55) | 6.9 (5.60–8.52) | 2.7 (2.20–3.23) | 2.7 (1.94–3.73) | 2.7 (2.10–3.39) |
| Any other personality disorder | 12.5 (10.54–14.86) | 12.4 (9.44–16.18) | 13.0 (10.57–15.86) | 5.8 (4.73–7.01) | 5.7 (4.20–7.74) | 6.0 (4.81–7.43) |
| Any Cluster A | 12.1 (10.14–14.34) | 11.4 (8.82–14.62) | 12.9 (10.43–15.96) | 3.9 (3.07–4.89) | 3.4 (2.40–4.91) | 4.4 (3.27–5.82) |
| Paranoid | 5.8 (4.69–7.25) | 4.6 (3.11–6.66) | 6.9 (5.38–8.84) | 1.2 (0.93–1.53) | 0.9 (0.57–1.31) | 1.5 (1.09–1.94) |
| Schizoid | 4.5 (3.55–5.76) | 3.8 (2.62–5.64) | 5.2 (3.82–7.08) | 1.0 (0.75–1.32) | 0.8 (0.51–1.22) | 1.2 (0.85–1.67) |
| Schizotypal | 26.5 (21.53–32.68) | 23.6 (17.35–31.96) | 31.3 (23.51–41.52) | 9.4 (7.40–11.95) | 8.5 (5.89–12.13) | 11.0 (7.79–15.39) |
| Any other Cluster B | 10.1 (8.52–11.98) | 9.6 (7.30–12.60) | 11.1 (8.88–13.84) | 3.8 (3.06–4.74) | 3.8 (2.72–5.25) | 4.1 (3.08–5.39) |
| Antisocial | 3.5 (2.71–4.40) | 3.3 (2.40–4.54) | 3.9 (2.68–5.73) | 1.0 (0.71–1.27) | 0.9 (0.62–1.33) | 1.0 (0.66–1.58) |
| Histrionic | 6.5 (4.90–8.52) | 6.1 (3.90–9.39) | 6.9 (4.67–10.04) | 1.4 (1.01–1.89) | 1.2 (0.75–1.86) | 1.6 (1.03–2.38) |
| Narcissistic | 14.5 (12.12–17.42) | 14.5 (10.96–19.09) | 15.3 (11.92–19.57) | 7.5 (6.00–9.27) | 7.6 (5.46–10.65) | 7.8 (5.77–10.44) |
| Any Cluster C | 4.5 (3.76–5.28) | 4.0 (3.05–5.29) | 4.9 (3.91–6.06) | 0.9 (0.71–1.13) | 0.8 (0.52–1.13) | 1.0 (0.72–1.34) |
| Avoidant | 7.2 (5.45–9.56) | 6.5 (3.95–10.77) | 7.6 (5.58–10.38) | 1.4 (1.03–1.84) | 1.2 (0.71–2.03) | 1.4 (1.02–2.03) |
| Dependent | 8.2 (4.65–14.46) | 8.8 (3.09–24.96) | 7.3 (3.84–15.94) | 1.2 (0.67–2.15) | 1.1 (0.38–3.13) | 1.2 (0.57–2.59) |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 3.7 (3.06–4.52) | 3.5 (2.60–4.62) | 4.0 (3.05–5.19) | 0.9 (0.72–1.12) | 0.8 (0.58–1.14) | 1.0 (0.70–1.32) |
Note: Estimates in boldface are statistically significant (p < 0.01).
†
OR = odds ratio.
‡
CI = confidence interval.