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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 May 4.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2006 Aug;53(8):1412–1424. doi: 10.1109/tuffc.2006.1665098

TABLE III.

Total Propagated Energy without the Initiating Sequence and the Energy Increase by Adding the Initiating Sequence.1

No initiating pulses Number of initiating pulses
ISPPA (W/cm2) Propagated power (W) 200 Energy increase2 2,000 Energy increase2 20,000 Energy increase2
1000 2.1 0.011% 0.111% 1.107%
2000 4.0 0.005% 0.048% 0.480%
3000 5.6 0.003% 0.029% 0.289%
4000 6.8 0.019% 0.226% 2.160%
1

480-s exposure, PD = three cycles, PRF = 20 kHz.

2

Energy increase refers to the percentage of increase in total propagated energy with the initiating sequence over that without the initiating sequence. When perforation occurred, the total propagated energy was calculated using the exposure time to reach perforation. When perforation did not occur within the 480-s exposure time, the total propagated energy was calculated using 480 s as the exposure time. At 4000 W/cm2, perforation occurred within the 480-s exposure, resulting in a shorter exposure time and higher energy increase percentage.