Table 3.
Independent predictors of 25(OH)D deficiency (25(OH)D levels <17.8 ng/ml)* among 13,331 adults >20 years of age (multivariable model adjusted for all factors listed in Table).
| Characteristics** | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, per 10 yrs | 1.10 | 1.04-1.17 | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 2.26 | 1.90-2.69 | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity | 10.17 | 8.13-12.72 | <0.001 |
| Mexican-American race/ethnicity | 2.45 | 1.96-3.06 | <0.001 |
| “Other” race/ethnicity | 3.03 | 2.18-4.20 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.46 | 1.16-1.84 | 0.002 |
| History of Prior CVD | 0.87 | 0.64-1.18 | 0.36 |
| Hypertension | 0.96 | 0.77-1.21 | 0.74 |
| BMI, per 1 kg/m2 | 1.04 | 1.02-1.06 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, per 10 mg/dL | 0.98 | 0.97-1.00 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol, per 10 mg/dL | 1.02 | 0.97-1.06 | 0.44 |
| Use of cholesterol lowering medications | 1.39 | 0.85-2.29 | 0.19 |
| Former Smoking | 1.09 | 0.91-1.31 | 0.33 |
| Current Smoking | 1.59 | 1.35-1.87 | <0.001 |
| Spring (April-June) | 0.67 | 0.49-0.92 | 0.01 |
| Summer (July – Sept) | 0.31 | 0.23-0.43 | <0.001 |
| Fall (Oct-Dec) | 0.63 | 0.45-0.86 | 0.005 |
| eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1.05 | 0.75-1.47 | 0.77 |
| Albuminuria >30 mg/g | 1.26 | 0.96-1.64 | 0.09 |
| CRP >0.21 mg/dL | 0.96 | 0.78-1.20 | 0.73 |
| Serum albumin, per 1 g/dl | 0.93 | 0.72-1.21 | 0.58 |
| Low SES | 0.73 | 0.60-0.89 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 0.45 | 0.36-0.56 | <0.001 |
| Moderate Physical Activity | 0.65 | 0.53-0.80 | <0.001 |
| High Physical Activity | 0.44 | 0.32-0.61 | <0.001 |
*
To convert to SI units, multiply 25(OH)D value by 2.496.
**
Reference categories are: for race: non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity; for smoking: non-smokers; for eGFR: >60 ml/min/1.73 m2; for physical activity: low physical activity; for season: winter season (January-March).