Table 5.
The adjusted* associations of 25(OH)D levels in 13,331 participants of NHANES III and all-cause mortality in specific participant subgroups.
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (ng/ml) † | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sub-group (n=n at risk/deaths) |
>32.1 | 24.4-32.1 | 17.8-24.4 | <17.8 | p- interaction |
| Age >65 (n=2867/1243) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.79-1.19) |
0.99 (0.82-1.20) |
1.26 (1.03-1.54) |
0.14 |
| Age <65 (n=10464/563) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.81 (0.58-1.14) |
1.13 (0.81-1.56) |
1.28 (0.93-1.76) |
|
| Men (n=6277/1047) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.64-1.05) |
0.94 (0.75-1.19) |
1.04 (0.83-1.30) |
0.06 |
| Women (n=7054/759) |
1.0 (Ref) | 1.16 (0.87-1.55) |
1.27 (0.97-1.66) |
1.51 (1.15-1.98) |
|
| Non-Hispanic white (n=5696/1056) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) |
1.06 (0.88-1.27) |
1.22 (1.03-1.45) |
|
| Non-Hispanic black‡ (n=3597/401) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.80 (0.59-1.10) |
1.03 (0.77-1.36) |
1.05 (0.77-1.44) |
0.74 |
| Mexican-American (n=3511/318) |
1.0 (Ref) | 1.28 (0.72-2.25) |
1.40 (0.85-2.30) |
1.46 (0.89-2.42) |
0.87 |
| Other (n=527/31) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.65 (0.08-4.92) |
0.78 (0.11-5.70) |
2.50 (0.59-10.60) |
0.27 |
| CVD present (N=1396/632) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.67 (0.49-0.92) |
0.75 (0.53-1.04) |
0.90 (0.66-1.22) |
0.006 |
| CVD absent (n=11935/1174) |
1.0 (Ref) | 1.10 (0.84-1.43) |
1.22 (0.96-1.57) |
1.54 (1.23-1.94) |
|
| Hypertension present (n=4064/1114) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.72-1.05) |
1.00 (0.80-1.25) |
1.12 (0.89-1.41) |
0.09 |
| Hypertension absent (n=9267/692) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.66-1.38) |
1.13 (0.86-1.50) |
1.42 (1.00-2.01) |
|
| Diabetes present (n=1295/408) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.77 (0.53-1.11) |
1.17 (0.85-1.62) |
1.10 (0.77-1.58) |
0.09 |
| Diabetes absent (n=12036/1398) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.79-1.18) |
1.03 (0.84-1.27) |
1.36 (1.14-1.61) |
|
| BMI <30 kg/m2 (n=9963/1434) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.79-1.13) |
1.01 (0.83-1.23) |
1.22 (1.01-1.48) |
0.68 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (n=3368/372) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) |
1.09 (0.74-1.62) |
1.38 (0.92-1.08) |
|
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 (n=743/417) |
1.0 (Ref) | 1.13 (0.85-1.50) |
1.08 (0.78-1.49) |
1.28 (0.96-1.70) |
0.35 |
| eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73m2 (n=12588/1389) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.71-1.07) |
1.03 (0.85-1.25) |
1.20 (1.00-1.44) |
|
| Low Physical Activity Level (n=4359/819) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.71-1.29) |
1.13 (0.91-1.40) |
1.35 (1.03-1.76) |
0.49 |
| Moderate Physical Activity Level (n=6772/896) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.75-1.12) |
1.04 (0.81-1.33) |
1.25 (0.97-1.61) |
|
| High Physical Activity Level (n=2,200/91) |
1.0 (Ref) | 1.26 (0.68-2.33) |
1.21 (0.66-2.23) |
0.95 (0.29-3.12) |
|
| Non-smokers (n=6,542/697) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.76-1.25) |
1.15 (0.83-1.57) |
1.37 (0.98-1.93) |
|
| Former smokers (n=3,322/681) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.74-1.28) |
0.99 (0.76-1.29) |
1.18 (0.85-1.63) |
0.58 |
| Current smokers (n=3,467/428) |
1.0 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.56-1.23) |
1.09 (0.79-1.51) |
1.16 (0.82-1.63) |
|
*
Models adjusted for age, sex, race, season, hypertension, history of prior CVD, diabetes, smoking, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, use of cholesterol medications, eGFR categories, serum albumin, log(albumin-creatinine ratio), log(CRP), BMI, physical activity level, vitamin D supplementation and low SES except for the variable in the subgroup.
†
To convert to conventional units, divide 25(OH)D value by 2.496.
‡
Using African-American specific quartiles: Quartile 1: >24 ng/ml, Quartile 2: ≤24 −18 ng/ml, Quartile 3: ≤18 − 13.5 ng/ml, and Quartile 4: ≤13.5 ng/ml.