Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
| Sample Hospitals | All Randomly Selected Patient Safety Consortium Hospitals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables | N | Mean % Problematic Response | Standard Deviation | N | Mean % Problematic Response | Standard Deviation | p Value for t-Test |
| Safety climate overall | 91 | 17.62 | 2.97 | 92 | 17.65 | 2.96 | .9591 |
| Senior managers’ engagement | 91 | 12.22 | 4.22 | 92 | 12.21 | 4.20 | .9860 |
| Organizational resources | 91 | 24.60 | 6.72 | 92 | 24.68 | 6.72 | .9371 |
| Overall emphasis on patient safety | 91 | 11.04 | 4.94 | 92 | 11.08 | 4.93 | .9536 |
| Unit safety norms | 91 | 9.86 | 3.16 | 92 | 9.92 | 3.19 | .9016 |
| Unit support and recognition for safety efforts | 91 | 30.28 | 6.82 | 92 | 30.20 | 6.82 | .9369 |
| Fear of blame | 91 | 31.30 | 6.86 | 92 | 31.41 | 6.90 | .9152 |
| Fear of shame | 91 | 11.56 | 1.50 | 92 | 11.56 | 1.49 | .9787 |
| Sample Hospitals | All U.S. Hospitals Excluding VA and Children's Hospitals | ||||||
| Dependent Variables | N | Rate/100,000 Discharges | Standard Deviation | N | Rate/100,000 Discharges | Standard Deviation | p Value for t-Test |
| Mean of 12 PSIs | 91 | 527.97 | 303.18 | 4,553 | 479.91 | 438.98 | .1417 |
| Complication of anesthesia | 86 | 11.05 | 38.31 | 4,014 | 17.78 | 108.78 | .1351 |
| Decubitus ulcer | 90 | 2161.6 | 1258.79 | 4,498 | 2093.76 | 1851.02 | .6178 |
| Iatrogenic pneumothorax | 91 | 51.39 | 64.17 | 4,552 | 43.15 | 112.69 | .2370 |
| Infection due to medical care | 91 | 163.47 | 161.08 | 4,551 | 151.68 | 476.34 | .5209 |
| Postoperative hip fracture | 86 | 29.3 | 74.43 | 3,972 | 32.94 | 192.53 | .6722 |
| Postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma | 86 | 299.44 | 742.63 | 4,012 | 194.94 | 457.01 | .1972 |
| Postoperative physio-metabolic derangement | 81 | 24.84 | 48.33 | 3,543 | 20.85 | 87.18 | .4755 |
| Postoperative respiratory failure | 81 | 828.05 | 738.92 | 3,525 | 719.94 | 1162.31 | .2035 |
| Postoperative PE or DVT | 86 | 913.59 | 690.7 | 4,012 | 757.59 | 1019.41 | .0434 |
| Postoperative sepsis | 77 | 1190.34 | 1454.2 | 3,231 | 1246.1 | 2218.83 | .7441 |
| Postoperative wound dehiscence | 86 | 359.88 | 1175.48 | 3,718 | 257.63 | 1014.42 | .4260 |
| Accidental puncture/laceration | 91 | 426.85 | 332.52 | 4,552 | 348.59 | 557.46 | .0313 |
| Sample Hospitals | All U.S. Hospitals Excluding VA and Children's Hospitals | ||||||
| Control Variables | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | p Value for t-Test or χ2 |
| Hospital bed size | 91 | 256.80 | 215.47 | 4,559 | 166.17 | 181.39 | .0001 |
| Registered nurse hours per patient day | 91 | 11.24 | 4.94 | 4,559 | 18.16 | 257.07 | .0719 |
| N | Frequency | % | N | Frequency | % | ||
| Tax status | 91 | 4,559 | .0056 | ||||
| For-profit | 4 | 4.40 | 678 | 14.87 | |||
| Government | 19 | 20.88 | 1,137 | 24.94 | |||
| Non-for-profit | 68 | 74.73 | 2,744 | 60.19 | |||
| Teaching status | |||||||
| Major teaching | 91 | 14 | 15.38 | 4,559 | 280 | 6.14 | .0008 |
| Other teaching | 14 | 15.38 | 566 | 12.42 | |||
| Nonteaching | 63 | 69.23 | 3,713 | 81.44 | |||
| Region | 91 | 4,559 | <.0001 | ||||
| Midwest | 15 | 16.48 | 1,353 | 29.68 | |||
| Northeast | 23 | 25.27 | 607 | 13.31 | |||
| South | 25 | 27.47 | 1,733 | 38.01 | |||
| West | 28 | 30.77 | 866 | 19.00 | |||
PSI, Patient Safety Indicator.