Table 2.

Estimated associations linking adolescent onset drug use (age 11–17) with subsequent risk of clinical features within 24 months after first use using feature-specific slope model.^a Data from the 2000–2002 United States National Survey on Drugs Use and Health

	Cannabisb		Cocaine/Crackc		Hallucinogensd
	aRR (95%CI)	p value	aRR (95%CI)	p value	aRR (95%CI)	p value
A. More time getting drugs	2.8 (2.1–3.8)	<0.001	1.5 (1.0–2.4)	0.08	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	0.16
B. Getting over the effects	4.8 (1.7–13.7)	0.004	1.8 (1.0–3.3)	0.06	1.8 (1.0–3.3)	0.07
C. Unable to keep to limits	2.1 (1.0–4.4)	0.07	1.0 (0.5–1.8)	0.95	1.0 (0.5–2.2)	1.00
D. More drugs same effect	3.3 (2.3–4.6)	<0.001	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	0.30	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	0.92
E. Same amount less effect	3.1 (1.8–5.2)	<0.001	1.8 (1.0–3.3)	0.06	1.7 (1.0–3.0)	0.05
F. Unable to cut down	5.2 (2.7–10.0)	<0.001	0.8 (0.4–1.7)	0.63	1.5 (0.6–4.1)	0.38
G. Emotional problems	2.4 (1.5–4.0)	<0.001	2.4 (1.3–4.4)	0.005	1.0 (0.6–1.7)	0.93
H. Physical problems	7.0 (1.5–31.7)	0.01	1.3 (0.4–4.5)	0.64	2.0 (0.4–9.6)	0.38
I. Reduced activities	3.6 (2.3–5.7)	<0.001	1.9 (1.1–3.1)	0.01	1.2 (0.7–1.9)	0.48
J. Withdrawal symptoms	NA		1.6 (0.9–2.8)	0.11	NA
K. Feeling blue while cutting down	NA		1.5 (1.0–2.4)	0.06	NA
	Analgesic drugse,h		Anxiolytic medicinesf,h		Stimulantsg,h
	aRR (95%CI)	p value	aRR (95%CI)	p value	aRR (95%CI)	p value
A. More time getting drugs	1.3 (0.8–2.0)	0.29	1.9 (0.9–4.0)	0.09	1.1 (0.6–2.0)	0.86
B. Getting over the effects	7.3 (2.5–21.8)	0.001	4.8 (1.3–17.9)	0.02	3.8 (1.3–11.4)	0.02
C. Unable to keep to limits	0.9 (0.4–2.0)	0.79	13.3 (3.1–57.6)	0.001	2.0 (0.6–6.3)	0.24
D. More drugs same effect	1.6 (1.1–2.5)	0.03	3.7 (2.1–6.6)	< 0.001	2.8 (1.5–5.3)	0.002
E. Same amount less effect	1.9 (1.0–4.0)	0.07	1.4 (0.6–3.3)	0.47	2.0 (1.0–4.2)	0.06
F. Unable to cut down	1.7 (0.8–3.7)	0.20	1.7 (0.5–6.3)	0.40	5.7 (1.5–20.8)	0.009
G. Emotional problems	2.9 (1.3–6.5)	0.008	6.0 (1.7–21.9)	0.006	2.1 (1.0–4.4)	0.04
H. Physical problems	0.7 (0.2–3.4)	0.69	3.3 (0.3–31.9)	0.29	0.5 (0.1–3.1)	0.50
I. Reduced activities	1.8 (1.0–3.0)	0.04	1.5 (0.7–3.4)	0.34	2.3 (1.0–5.2)	0.04
J. Withdrawal symptoms	2.2 (1.1–4.5)	0.03	NA		1.5 (0.8–3.0)	0.21
K. Feeling blue while cutting down	NA		NA		1.5 (0.8–3.0)	0.19

^aEstimated RR based on odds ratio from Generalized Linear Models with General Estimation Equations (GLM/GEE) to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity. Reference group: adults (age 18 and above).

^bCannabis category includes: Marijuna and hashish (e.g., smoked in joints, blunts, or in a pipe), and hash oil.

^cCocaine category includes: Cocaine hydrochloride powder, crack, free base, and coca paste.

^dHallucinogen category includes: Hallucinogenic compounds (e.g., LSD, peyote, mescaline, and psilocybin), mixed stimulant-hallucinogens (e.g., Ecstasy, MDMA); and phencyclidine.

^eAnalgesic drugs include: prescription type pain relievers (e,g., codeine, hydrocodone, methadone, and morphine).

^fAnxiolytic medicines include: diazepam and meprobamate, as well as newer benzodiazepine compounds.

^gStimulants include methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, and dextroamphetamine, or stimulants other than cocaine.

^hUse defined as “Extra-medical use”: use of a drug or medicine to get high, more than prescribed, for indications other than those intended by the prescribers, or for other experiences, sensations, or effects beyond the boundaries of approved prescribing procedures or indications.

NA, clinical feature not assessed for particular drug. We were unable to obtain the feature specific estimates for inhalants due to a non positive definite matrix in the model.