. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 May 6.

Published in final edited form as: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;16(4):301–312. doi: 10.1037/a0012640

Table 2.

Subjective and Biochemical Measures of Withdrawal, by Group

	Nonsmokers (n = 56)	Nondeprived smokers (n = 66)	Deprived smokers (n = 47)	F	p
Carbon monoxide (ppm), M (SD)	2.3 (1.2)^a	21.1 (8.9)^b	4.9 (2.1)^a	190.39	<.0001
WSWS, M (SD)	32.6 (12.0)^a	38.7 (15.9)^a	47.5 (17.5)^b	12.26	<.0001
QSU, M (SD)	0.0 (0.0)^a	20.9 (10.7)^b	31.6 (12.9)^c	150.59	<.0001
PANAS-Negative Affect, M (SD)	15.9 (5.2)^a	16.3 (5.8)^a	20.8 (8.6)^b	8.74	.0002
PANAS-Positive Affect, M (SD)	31.4 (9.3)^a	30.2 (8.8)^a	24.9 (9.8)^b	7.05	.001

Note. WSWS = Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale; QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges–Brief; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different in pairwise post-hoc tests.