Table 2.
Characteristics of the Cohort at Baseline a
| Variable | Died (N=114) | Did Not Die (N=846) | Significance b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 85.3 (5.7) | 80.1 (7.3) | t[169]= −8.78, p<0.001 |
| Education (years) | 14.2 (3.1) | 14.5 (3.0) | t[958]= −1.03, p=0.304 |
| BMI | 26.5 (5.7) | 27.5 (5.4) | z = −2.18, p=0.029 |
| Minimental Status Exam | 27.4 (2.5) | 28.0 (2.1) | z = −2.48, p=0.013 |
| Arm Abduction (lbs.) | 3.0 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.3) | t[941]=4.20, p<0.001 |
| Arm Flexion (lbs.) | 10.9 (4.5) | 12.8 (5.4) | t[158]=4.14, p<0.001 |
| Elbow Extension (lbs.) | 9.6 (3.8) | 10.6 (3.6) | t[953]=2.58, p=0.010 |
| Grip (lbs.) | 45.9 (17.4) | 48.0 (18.0) | t[957]=1.21, p=0.228 |
| Pinch (lbs.) | 9.4 (4.8) | 10.7 (5.0) | t[954]=2.53, p=0.012 |
| Hip Flexion (lbs.) | 9.1 (4.3) | 10.6 (4.7) | t[946]=3.11, p=0.002 |
| Knee Extension (lbs.) | 9.3 (3.1) | 10.6 (4.0) | t[163]=4.04, p<0.001 |
| Plantar Flexion (lbs.) | 13.9 (4.5) | 15.3 (5.1) | t[950]=2.66, p=0.008 |
| Ankle Dorsiflexion (lbs.) | 9.3 (4.0) | 11.6 (4.9) | t[160]=5.67, p<0.001 |
| Maximal Expiratory Pressure (mm H2O) | 61.2(24.4) | 66.5(24.2) | t[954]=2.19, p=0.023 |
| Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (mm H2O) | 34.6(21.9) | 40.5(19.9) | t[954]=2.93, p=0.004 |
| Forced Expiratory Volume (Liter) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | t[958]=3.93, p<0.001 |
| Vital Capacity (Liter) | 1.7 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) | t[958]=2.88, p=0.004 |
| Peak Expiratory Flow (Liter/minute) | 237 (110) | 268 (108) | t[958]=4.00, p<0.001 |
| Composite Extremity Muscle Strength | −0.28 (0.63) | 0.31 (0.74) | t[159]=4.81, p<0.001 |
| Composite Respiratory Muscle Strength | −0.20 (0.95) | 0.05 (0.88) | t[958]=2.87, p<0.005 |
| Composite Pulmonary Function | −0.30 (0.92) | 0.04 (0.89) | t[958]=3.89, p<0.001 |
| Smoking History | 37.7 % | 40.0% | t[957]=0.470, p=0.641 |
| Possible Pulmonary Disease | 12.7% | 4.3% | t[958]= −3.30, p<0.001 |
| Pulmonary Medications | 18.4 % | 7.2% | t[958]= −4.05, p <.001 |
a
Mean and standard deviation.
b
t- test or z value of Wilcoxon two sample test and p value; Satterthwaite-adjusted degrees of freedom as appropriate.