Table 2.
HRs of potential risk factors for progression to ESRDa
| Parameter | Age-Adjusted Variables
|
Best Clinical Model
|
Best Clinical + eGFR + ACR
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age (per 10 yr) | 1.72 | 1.48 to 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.98 to 1.35 | 0.073 | |||
| Male gender | 2.13 | 1.50 to 3.07 | <0.001 | 2.22 | 1.49 to 3.31 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 0.83 to 1.86 | 0.296 |
| Low educationb | 1.09 | 0.61 to 1.94 | 0.768 | ||||||
| Depressionc | 1.32 | 0.91 to 1.92 | 0.139 | ||||||
| Current smoking | 0.92 | 0.56 to 1.49 | 0.735 | ||||||
| Low physical activityd | 1.74 | 1.15 to 2.63 | 0.009 | 1.71 | 1.13 to 2.60 | 0.012 | 1.23 | 0.81 to 1.87 | 0.337 |
| Diabetes | 2.68 | 1.68 to 4.27 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 1.11 to 2.90 | 0.016 | 0.87 | 0.53 to 1.43 | 0.585 |
| CVDe | 1.26 | 0.82 to 1.93 | 0.288 | ||||||
| BMI (per 1-kg/m2) | 1.06 | 1.02 to 1.10 | 0.004 | ||||||
| Waist circumference (per 10-cm) | 1.38 | 1.19 to 1.61 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Systolic BP (per 10-mmHg) | 1.17 | 1.09 to 1.26 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 1.07 to 1.25 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.97 to 1.12 | 0.245 |
| Diastolic BP (per 10-mmHg) | 1.16 | 1.02 to 1.32 | 0.018 | ||||||
| Antihypertensive treatment | 2.98 | 2.08 to 4.32 | <0.001 | 2.38 | 1.62 to 3.50 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 0.69 to 1.68 | 0.731 |
| Cholesterol (per 40-mg/dl) | 1.09 | 0.96 to 1.25 | 0.197 | ||||||
| HDL cholesterol (per 4-mg/dl) | 0.85 | 0.81 to 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.85 to 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.91 to 1.02 | 0.129 |
| Triglycerides (per 80-mg/dl) | 1.25 | 1.16 to 1.35 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Glucose (per 20-mg/dl) | 1.10 | 1.04 to 1.16 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Renal function (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | |||||||||
| eGFR ≥60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| eGFR 45 to 59 | 11.50 | 6.56 to 20.20 | <0.001 | 6.70 | 3.78 to 11.90 | <0.001 | |||
| eGFR 30 to 44 | 52.60 | 29.60 to 93.40 | <0.001 | 18.80 | 10.30 to 34.40 | <0.001 | |||
| eGFR <30 | 299.50 | 165.60 to 541.80 | <0.001 | 65.60 | 35.20 to 122.10 | <0.001 | |||
| ACR | |||||||||
| normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| microalbuminuriaf | 18.50 | 9.90 to 34.70 | <0.001 | 13.00 | 6.76 to 25.1 | <0.001 | |||
| macroalbuminuria | 193.70 | 94.60 to 396.70 | <0.001 | 47.50 | 19.8 to 109.0 | <0.001 | |||
a
Age-adjusted HRs associated with all available potential risk factors based on Cox regression analysis are given. A best clinical model was then identified by manual forward selection among the significant variables. Finally, eGFR and ACR were added to the best clinical model.
b
Fewer than 12 yr in school.
c
Eight points or more on the depression part of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score.
d
Less than 1 h of light activity per week in participants’ leisure time.
e
Self-reported history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or stroke.
f
ACR ranging from 20 to 200 mg/g in men and 30 to 300 mg/g in women.