Table 2.
Baseline Values and Changes in Weight, Diet, Physical Activity, Body Composition, Metabolic Rate, and Conventional Metbolites
| Measurement n = 27a | Baseline (BL) | Week 2–BL | Week 4–BL | Month 6–BL | Month 12–Month 6 | Month 12–BL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (lbs) | 220.20 (190.10, 245.00) | −1.40 (−4.30, 0.30) | −3.80 (−6.90, −1.70) | −13.90 (−18.65, −8.00) | 5.10 (0.15, 8.75) | −6.15 (−16.90, −0.20) |
| p-value | 0.0065 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0065 | 0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.58 (30.76, 38.19) | −0.23 (−0.66, 0.05) | −0.69 (−1.15, −0.22) | −2.08 (−2.70, −1.07) | 0.78 (0.03, 1.42) | −0.99 (−2.57, −0.03) |
| p-value | 0.0096 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | |
| Dietary intake % of calories from fat | 39.44 (34.83, 44.38) | −6.71 (−10.47, −2.81) | 3.04 (−0.38, 5.22) | −4.16 (−7.14, 0.11) | ||
| p-value | <.0001 | 0.0069 | 0.0132 | |||
| % of calories from carbohydrate | 45.82 (40.01, 49.98) | 6.53 (3.32, 11.64) | −1.87 (−6.26, 0.17) | 2.89 (−0.90, 8.47) | ||
| p-value | <.0001 | 0.0188 | 0.0231 | |||
| % of calories from protein | 15.65 (13.75, 18.23) | 0.98 (−2.08, 2.12) | 0.00 (−1.42, 1.30) | 1.16 (−2.30, 2.72) | ||
| p-value | 0.5787 | 0.8385 | 0.5036 | |||
| Physical activity: IPAQ (METs) | 1801.5 (410.00, 3084.00) | −564.00 (−1291.50, 205.00) | 422.25 (−1510.00, 741.75) | −274.50 (−2798.00, 478.25) | 99.00 (−972.00, 1177.50) | |
| p-value | 0.3652 | 0.9697 | 0.2024 | 0.4922 | ||
| Body composition Fat mass (kg) | 35.25 (29.54, 38.83) | −3.78 (−5.51, −1.38) | 2.14 (−0.64, 3.04) | −2.16 (−4.77, 0.84) | ||
| p-value | 0.0001 | 0.0305 | 0.0094 | |||
| Lean mass (kg) | 61.67 (49.74, 71.74) | −1.43 (−2.53, 0.27) | 0.51 (−0.56, 1.70) | −1.10 (−2.86, 0.27) | ||
| p-value | 0.0121 | 0.4586 | 0.0441 | |||
| Subcutaneous fat (mm2) | 36192 (31652, 46257) | −5483 (−6785, −1176) | 3675 (−342, 4525) | −1017 (−4042, 679) | ||
| p-value | 0.0008 | 0.0042 | 0.1674 | |||
| Visceral fat (mm2) | 14694 (12244, 18933) | −3298 (−4741, 60) | 678 (−893, 3931) | −1542 (−2206, 959) | ||
| p-value | 0.0139 | 0.2069 | 0.1815 | |||
| Resting metabolic rate REE/LBM (kcal/kg) | 2743 (24.97, 29.39) | −1.61 (−3.25, −0.11) | 2.77 (1.99, 4.58) | 1.24 (−0.28, 2.55) | ||
| p-value | 0.0083 | 0.0008 | 0.0897 | |||
| RER (RQ) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.90) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.14, −0.04) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.04) | |
| p-value | 0.8461 | 0.0154 | 0.0001 | 0.04 | ||
| Conventional metabolites Ketones (μmol/L) | 55.00 (40.50, 92.50) | 12.00 (−7.00, 34.00) | 7.50 (−15.50, 34.00) | −7.50 (−28.00, 11.00) | 9.50 (−13.00, 22.50) | −1.50 (−35.00, 25.00) |
| p-value | 0.051 | 0.1753 | 0.0954 | 0.2088 | 0.6655 | |
| 3-hydroxybutyrate (μmol/L) | 31.00 (22.50, 55.00) | 6.50 (−4.50, 20.00) | 6.50 (−6.00, 22.00) | −18.50 (−28.00, −3.50) | 18.00 (2.00, 29.00) | −1.50 (−17.00, 10.50) |
| p-value | 0.0439 | 0.2043 | <.0001 | 0.8335 | ||
| Plasma lactic acid (mM) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.61) | −0.17 (−0.35, 0.10) | −0.27 (−0.53, −0.17) | −0.19 (−0.46, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.22, 0.29) | −0.10 (−0.43, 0.30) |
| p-value | 0.0224 | <.0001 | 0.2667 | 0.6823 | 0.334 | |
| Plasma Pyruvic acid (mM) | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
| p-value | 0.2826 | 0.0092 | 0.2665 | 0.786 | 0.4668 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.00 (174.00, 206.00) | −11.00 (−19.50, −2.00) | −12.50 (−19.50, 5.00) | −0.50 (−15.50, 18.50) | −5.00 (−21.50, 16.50) | −3.50 (−22.50, 10.00) |
| p-value | 0.0593 | 0.0216 | 0.9721 | 0.5442 | 0.2934 | |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 119.40 (100.85, 139.70) | −5.35 (−14.60, 2.90) | −3.85 (−19.10, 5.75) | −3.05 (−14.15, 13.65) | 20.10 (−20.10, 14.15) | 16.15 (−16.15, 6.70) |
| p-value | 0.0594 | 0.0667 | 0.5740 | 0.5191 | 0.0835 | |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 51.85 (3.900, 59.45) | −0.05 (−4.05, 2.00) | −0.35 (−4.45, 0.45) | −0.10 (−4.35, 3.45) | −0.65 (−3.20, 2.05) | −1.25 (−3.70, 4.05) |
| p-value | 0.2719 | 0.0706 | 0.9442 | 0.7435 | 0.9534 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 89.00 (72.50, 110.50) | −2.50 (−14.50, 15.50) | −1.00 (−26.00, 14.50) | 0.00 (−24.50, 14.00) | 0.50 (−11.50, 23.50) | −2.50 (−18.50, 20.50) |
| p-value | 0.6230 | 0.7702 | 0.5645 | 0.7346 | 0.8978 | |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.51 (0.41, 0.71) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.1) | −0.03 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.11 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.1) | −0.05 (−0.3, 0.0) |
| p-value | 0.96 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0.0065 |
All data presented as median (25th, 75th percentile).
a
N may vary due to completeness of data collection. Of note, N < 20 for the following measurements: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Resting Metabolic Rate and Body Composition.