Table 4.
Baseline Values and Changes in Metabolites Measured by Mass Spectrometry
| Measurement n = 27a | Baseline (BL) | Week 2–BL | Week 4–BL | Month 6–BL | Month 12–Month 6 | Month 12–BL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free fatty acids (μM) | ||||||
| Myristic (cl4) | 9.22 (6.33, 12.41) | −0.28 (−5.18, 2.51) | −1.17 (−5.57, 3.10) | −1.93 (−5.73, 1.48) | 0.04 (−2.48, 2.10) | −2.2 (−6.97, 1.25) |
| p-value | 0.5423 | 0.2772 | 0.0276 | 0.7435 | 0.0104 | |
| Palmitic (cl6) | 121.50 (92.08, 148.59) | 11.25 (−21.88, 24.50) | −5.54 (−58.03, 23.19) | −23.20 (−62.18, 13.67) | −3.43 (−36.17, 19.48) | −11.16 (−74.30, 17.52) |
| p-value | 0.7435 | 0.3461 | 0.0496 | 0.6567 | 0.0496 | |
| Palmitoleic (cl6:l) | 16.23 (12.73, 30.30) | 2.03 (−6.03, 7.17) | −0.42 (−7.62, 5.16) | −2.13 (−11.99, 1.88) | 0.35 (−4.37, 4.13) | −1.83 (−12.33, 1.43) |
| p-value | 0.7972 | 0.4383 | 0.0594 | 0.9814 | 0.0527 | |
| Stearic (cl8) | 39.27 (31.28, 47.71) | −2.88 (−10.07, 5.55) | −2.57 (−14.30, 7.77) | −5.80 (−12.23, 3.76) | −0.92 (−7.20, 4.76) | −2.06 (−11.82, 1.55) |
| p-value | 0.5114 | 0.1459 | 0.0747 | 0.7792 | 0.0929 | |
| Oleic (cl8:l) | 168.79 (127.16, 250.38) | 13.98 (−41.96, 55.45) | −2.74 (−59.15, 46.94) | −20.94 (−94.24, 34.43) | −10.11 (−47.05, 40.07) | −21.58 (−112.99, 27.17) |
| p-value | 0.3841 | 0.9814 | 0.1677 | 0.7972 | 0.056 | |
| Linolenic (cl8:3) | 6.52 (4.41, 9.92) | 0.51 (−2.26, 2.35) | 0.93 (−1.69, 3.16) | −0.45 (−2.79, 2.26) | 0.17 (−1.85, 2.06) | −1.35 (−4.42, 1.46) |
| p-value | 0.5581 | 0.6909 | 0.4524 | 0.9814 | 0.1602 | |
| Linoleic (cl8:2) | 74.03 (61.47, 101.76) | 8.76 (−10.86, 23.01) | 4.57 (−33.63, 32.08) | −8.45 (−39.45, 14.85) | 3.42 (−13.83, 14.00) | −4.37 (−40.65, 9.12) |
| p-value | 0.3972 | 0.7972 | 0.1143 | 0.9814 | 0.1326 | |
| Arachidonic (c20:4) | 6.73 (5.20, 9.39) | −1.46 (−5.21, 0.56) | −0.21 (−2.49, 1.56) | −0.17 (−2.26, 2.53) | −0.41 (−2.99, 1.26) | −0.39 (−3.70, 1.05) |
| p-value | 0.0747 | 0.4668 | 0.8335 | 0.4107 | 0.288 | |
| Total fatty acids (piM) Octanoic (c8) | 26.54 (23.40, 29.59) | 12.73 (−3.15, 20.45) | 10.06 (−4.30, 18.27) | 12.56 (−2.86, 23.43) | 1.07 (−13.13, 21.50) | 13.86 (2.64, 22.46) |
| p-value | 0.0104 | 0.0296 | 0.0132 | 0.7389 | 0.0043 | |
| Decanoic (c10) | 5.39 (4.42, 7.86) | 0.20 (−1.31, 2.15) | 0.19 (−1.44, 1.80) | 1.52 (0.09, 3.96) | 1.06 (−1.55, 4.20) | 2.71 (0.64, 5.29) |
| p-value | 0.7972 | 0.4963 | 0.0008 | 0.6909 | 0.0033 | |
| Laurie (cl2) | 10.02 (8.05, 14.44) | −0.23 (−6.03, 5.69) | 0.49 (−6.01, 5.97) | 7.75 (0.34, 17.62) | −6.10 (−16.71, 10.23) | 3.49 (−4.54, 14.13) |
| p-value | 0.9163 | 0.9070 | 0.0011 | 0.3221 | 0.1143 | |
| Palmitoleic (cl6:l) | 410.15 (295.45, 486.62) | 81.40 (−14.24, 280.72) | 93.70 (−46.70, 168.85) | 91.91 (42.28, 258.36) | −92.5 (−166.8, 58.5) | 30.15 (−69.31, 172.38) |
| p-value | 0.0040 | 0.1032 | 0.0016 | 0.0496 | 0.3585 | |
| Palmitic (cl6) | 1479.6 (1282.3, 2017.8) | 637 (368, 1031) | 708 (276, 985) | 591 (304, 863) | 206 (−262, 357) | 662 (330, 1010) |
| p-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.3712 | <.0001 | |
| Stearic (cl8) | 883.91 (804.29, 991.98) | 6.3 (−75.1, 143.9) | 41.3 (−121.6, 131.7) | 75.3 (−63.9, 201.5) | 90.2 (−153.8, 245.6) | 107.2 (−96.4, 317.7) |
| p-value | 0.6398 | 0.3841 | 0.0438 | 0.2772 | 0.0386 | |
| Amino acids (μM) | ||||||
| Alanine | 435.55 (399.32, 482.60) | −25.26 (−88.62, 19.35) | −59.84 (−87.36, −32.05) | −24.02 (−57.33, 11.48) | −8.85 (−31.76, 36.61) | −16.94 (−77.74, 16.29) |
| p-value | 0.0386 | <.0001 | 0.1032 | 0.779 | 0.1202 | |
| Glycine | 292.63 (258.10, 330.34) | −8.89 (−66.06, 24.98) | −23.5 (−56.67, 3.12) | 10.81 (−24.69, 39.01) | −11.77 (−43.02, 29.84) | −2.7 (−41.28, 51.10) |
| p-value | 0.2001 | 0.0296 | 0.4243 | 0.334 | 0.9256 | |
| Leucine/isoleucine | 169.55 (152.13, 206.96) | −4.33 (−27.30, 14.98) | −6.4 (−21.36, 8.74) | −10.20 (−25.22, 1.31) | 0.20 (−10.31, 18.61) | −4.37 (−28.57, 6.38) |
| p-value | 0.4383 | 0.0835 | 0.004 | 0.6567 | 0.2001 | |
| Methionine | 30.03 (26.51, 33.78) | −0.30 (−3.46, 0.50) | −2.09 (−5.79, −0.74) | −0.32 (−4.32, 2.32) | −0.99 (−3.12, 0.67) | −0.96 (−5.80, 1.23) |
| p-value | 0.2001 | 0.0001 | 0.4524 | 0.0496 | 0.0835 | |
| Phenylalanine | 72.92 (66.17, 80.13) | −1.64 (−5.10, 4.31) | −2.05 (−8.25, 0.57) | −3.51 (−5.49, 4.51) | −0.45 (−9.54, 5.50) | −4.36 (−8.85, 3.82) |
| p-value | 0.9256 | 0.0258 | 0.4668 | 0.3972 | 0.0648 | |
| Acylcarnitines (μM) | ||||||
| Octenoyl (c8:l) | 0.20 (0.15, 0.29) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.11) |
| p-value | 0.0957 | 0.02 | 0.2662 | 0.7389 | 0.2888 | |
| Decatrienoyl (cl0:3) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.07) |
| p-value | 0.205 | 0.0102 | 0.1834 | 0.8241 | 0.0242 | |
| Urinary organic acids (mmol/mol creatinine) | ||||||
| Methylmalonate | 0.94 (0.64, 1.09) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.30) | 0.17 (−0.02, 0.41) | 0.42 (0.10, 0.54) | 0.14 (−0.15, 0.42) | 0.44 (0.28, 0.79) |
| p-value | 0.0812 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 0.1391 | <0.0001 | |
| Ethylmalonate | 2.51 (2.26, 2.98) | 0.66 (0.44, 0.90) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.01) | −0.42 (−0.73, 0.03) | 0.45 (−0.07, 0.66) |
| p-value | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0009 | 0.01 | |
| Fumarate | 0.63 (0.42, 0.69) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.10) | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.08) | −0.11 (−0.30, −0.06) |
| p-value | 0.201 | 0.4668 | 0.8426 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
| Isobutyrylglycine | 0.41 (0.26, 0.58) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.25) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.14) | −0.12 (−0.24, 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.01) |
| p-value | 0.0038 | 0.0224 | 0.066 | 0.0576 | 0.1022 | |
| Glutarate | 0.85 (0.69, 1.21) | 0.05 (−0.18, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.26, 0.24) | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.28) |
| p-value | 0.0316 | 0.6566 | 0.4524 | 0.9256 | 0.2826 | |
| Butyrylglycine | 0.31 (0.19, 0.39) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.09 (−0.10, 0.16) | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.32) | −0.09 (−0.18, 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.21) |
| p-value | 0.7258 | 0.2667 | 0.018 | 0.0194 | 0.6398 | |
| 3-hydroxy-3methylglutarate | 2.25 (1.88, 2.55) | 0.60 (0.24, 0.83) | 0.59 (0.39, 0.84) | 0.42 (0.17, 1.00) | −0.30 (−0.77, 0.27) | 0.44 (−0.41, 0.68) |
| p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1358 | 0.1754 | |
| Adipate | 0.93 (0.80, 1.32) | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.39) | 0.13 (−0.13, 0.62) | 0.21 (−0.13, 0.55) | −0.17 (−0.83, 0.19) | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.23) |
| p-value | 0.1791 | 0.1143 | 0.1754 | 0.0496 | 0.8701 | |
| Alpha-ketoglutarate | 4.71 | 0.12 (−1.09, 0.82) | −0.10 (−1.75, 0.67) | 2.16 (0.35, 4.31) | −1.35 (−3.21, 1.45) | 1.63 (−0.15, 2.71) |
| p-value | 0.6652 | 0.3105 | 0.0018 | 0.1459 | 0.0022 | |
| Suberate | 0.57 (0.46, 0.84) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.19) | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.23) | 0.14 (−0.12, 0.26) | −0.13 (−0.51, 0.07) | 0.07 (−0.16, 0.18) |
| p-value | 0.334 | 0.5423 | 0.0438 | 0.056 | 0.6737 | |
| Orotate | 0.49 (0.33, 0.60) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.16, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.13) | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.08 |
| p-value | 0.0576 | 0.2667 | 0.0026 | 0.8532 | 0.0954 | |
| Citrate | 310.38 (207.20, 372.02) | −38.61 (−94.41, 1.18) | −23.78 (−108.81, 23.90) | −26.33 (−61.65, 12.43) | −34.56 (−102.17, 60.92) | −76.90 (−114.83, 0.06) |
| p-value | 0.0074 | 0.1754 | 0.056 | 0.2088 | 0.0033 | |
All data presented as median (25th, 75th percentile).
a
N may vary due to completeness of data collection. (N ranges from 26 to 27).