Table 4. Construct validity of the outcome variable in child maltreatment intervention studies, according to a systematic review of reviews.

Outcome measure	All interventions	Home visiting	Parent education	Sexual abuse prevention
	% (No.) (n = 298)	% (No.) (n = 149)	% (No.) (n = 46)	% (No.) (n = 74)
Direct measure	28.2 (84)	44.3 (66)	17.4 (8)	2.7 (2)
Proxy measure	4.4 (13)	8.1 (12)	2.2 (1)	0.0
Risk factor	64.4 (192)	44.3 (66)	73.9 (34)	97.3 (72)
Not applicable	1.0 (3)	0.0	6.5 (3)	0.0
Missing	2.0 (6)	3.4 (5)	0.0	0.0