Table 1. Demographic characteristics, mental health problems and exposure to violence for children aged 6–17 years (n = 480) and their parents in Embu, São Paulo, Brazil, 2002–2003.
| Sample characteristics by domain | No. | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 246 | 51.3 | ||
| Male | 234 | 48.7 | ||
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 6–10 | 230 | 47.9 | ||
| 11–17 | 250 | 52.1 | ||
| Mental health problems (CBCL) | ||||
| Internalizing only | 92 | 19.2 | ||
| Externalizing only | 33 | 6.9 | ||
| Both | 52 | 10.8 | ||
| None | 303 | 63.1 | ||
| Severe physical punishment (last 12 months) | ||||
| Yes | 96 | 20.0 | ||
| No | 384 | 80.0 | ||
| Ever witnessing marital physical violence | ||||
| Yes | 90 | 18.8 | ||
| No | 390 | 81.2 | ||
| Mother | ||||
| Education (years of schooling) | ||||
| 0–7 | 301 | 62.7 | ||
| > 7 | 179 | 37.3 | ||
| Currently working for pay | ||||
| No | 206 | 42.9 | ||
| Yes | 274 | 57.1 | ||
| Anxiety/depression (SRQ total score) | ||||
| Yes (> 7) | 148 | 30.8 | ||
| No (0–7) | 332 | 69.2 | ||
| Severe physical marital violence (last 12 months) | ||||
| Yes | 12 | 2.5 | ||
| No | 468 | 97.5 | ||
| Mother’s husband/partner | ||||
| Residing in the household any time in the last 12 months | ||||
| No | 92 | 19.2 | ||
| Yes | 388 | 80.8 | ||
| Residing in household at time of interview | ||||
| No | 102 | 21.3 | ||
| Yes | 378 | 78.7 | ||
| Working for pay at time of interview | ||||
| No (not working or absent) | 171 | 35.6 | ||
| Yes | 309 | 64.4 | ||
| Drunk one or more times (last 12 months) | ||||
| Yes | 102 | 21.3 | ||
| No (not drunk or absent) | 378 | 78.7 | ||
| Family | ||||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low | 373 | 77.7 | ||
| Middle-low | 107 | 22.3 | ||
CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire.