Table 2.

Mean (from 1000 simulations) minimum and maximum correlation coefficients r (all s.e.m.<0.001; not shown) for the observed correlation between trait size S_i and genetic quality a_i in populations composed of adults that have survived mortality during development. (Sign tests showed that all mean correlation coefficients differed significantly from zero (p≪0.001 in all cases). Results are given for eight different simulation models, each incorporating a different function to describe the effect of genetic quality and environmental harshness on trait size in individuals during development. Four functional types were employed, each with either additive (+) or multiplicative (×) effects of genetic quality and environmental harshness. The functions are shown in full in figure 3. For all models, the parameters controlling the effect of environment on survival β and trait size λ were varied systematically (range for β: 0.1–0.9; range for λ given in table). All other parameters were held at the default values shown in table 1, except for that controlling the effect of genetic quality on trait size δ, for which values are shown in this table and were chosen to maximize the impact of λ on r.)

					minimum correlation r			maximum correlation r
figure 3 panel	function		δ	λ range	β	λ	r	β	λ	r
(a)	linear	×	0.075	0.05–1.05	0.9	0.81	−0.115	0.1	0.13	0.480
(b)	linear	+	0.075	0.034–0.23	0.9	0.23	0.102	0.1	0.034	0.919
(c)	exponential	×	0.25	0.006–0.5	0.9	0.246	−0.296	0.1	0.006	0.767
(d)	exponential	+	0.25	0.006–0.5	0.9	0.204	−0.192	0.1	0.006	0.766
(e)	proportion	×	1.5	0.2–10	0.9	9.2	−0.078	0.1	0.2	0.284
(f)	proportion	+	1.5	0.2–10	0.9	4.6	−0.153	0.1	9.6	0.395
(g)	power	×	0.25	0.02–1	0.9	0.54	−0.102	0.1	0.02	0.966
(h)	power	+	0.25	0.02–1	0.9	0.84	−0.111	0.1	0.02	0.978