. 2008 Dec 23;276(1659):1175–1181. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1645

Table 1.

Interspecific associations (controlled for phylogeny) between sperm velocity and sperm morphology among all 40 species and the 13 icterid species. (The superscripts following λ indicate significance levels of the likelihood-ratio tests of the model against the maximum-likelihood value of λ=1 (first position) and λ=0 (second position). The effect size r (partial correlation coefficient) is presented with the non-central 95% confidence intervals (LCL, lower confidence limit; UCL, upper confidence limit). Confidence intervals excluding zero are statistically significant at p<0.05. Controlling variables: temperature: all p<0.001 for all species, n.a. for Icteridae (see §2). Collecting technique: p=0.002–0.09 for all species, all p>0.2 for Icteridae.)

					effect size

traits	slope	t	p-value	λ	r	LCL	UCL
all species (n=40)
midpiece	0.74	5.23	<0.0001	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.66	0.44	0.79
midpiece^a	0.75	2.96	0.005	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.45	0.15	0.65
flagellum	1.13	4.03	0.0003	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.56	0.30	0.72
total length	1.22	3.95	0.0004	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.56	0.28	0.72
midpiece : flagellum	1.28	4.83	<0.0001	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.63	0.40	0.77
midpiece : flagellum^a	3.39	3.32	0.002	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.49	0.20	0.68
flagellum : head	1.37	4.00	0.0003	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.56	0.29	0.72
Icteridae (n=13)
midpiece	1.62	2.79	0.017	<0.0001^0.003;1.0	0.66	0.14	0.84
flagellum	2.17	2.45	0.032	<0.0001^0.008;1.0	0.61	0.06	0.83
total length	2.39	2.34	0.040	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.59	0.03	0.82
midpiece : flagellum	4.84	3.04	0.014	<0.0001^<0.001;1.0	0.69	0.19	0.86
flagellum : head	3.17	3.37	0.006	<0.0001^0.07;1.0	0.73	0.27	0.88

Since Garrulus glandarius was a statistical outlier for midpiece length (figure 1a) and the midpiece : flagellum ratio (see §3), with strong leverage on the associations with sperm velocity, we also present the results after excluding this species.